The "Dembel" overcoat has always been a special subject.

Chapter 3. Overcoat Vladimir Markin

He hugs her, unable to believe that now the Overcoat is his!
And here is the Overcoat on his shoulders. Shadow people call him to them.

Overcoat-about mono-performance in Sovremennik- Sergey Klimkovich

***
There was money for an overcoat. An overcoat cannot cost like some cashmere coat.

Overcoat Dmitry Koldani

The greatcoat lay there until the last day of school.

Overcoat Belyakov Alexey Andreevich

Take my greatcoat and her bed beside me, - he shouted to me. I fulfilled his request and spread my overcoat.

Memory of war Leonid Eilman

UNKNOWN "SHINEL".

Nobody knows Gogol's story. Overcoat ... Sergey Oleksin

Mom, can I hold my overcoat
- Oh, heavy! - I screamed, falling, especially under my overcoat, to find out how it smells of gunpowder.

Overcoat hanging on a hanger Emilia Vikulova

SHINEL was found quickly.

Overcoat with apples Pashnev

He takes his overcoat to the market and exchanges it for three bottles of vodka. Fortunately, the overcoat can be saved.

Raise the curtain for me Alexander Zavyalov

In this way, Eichenbaum calls everyone into his own "Overcoat".

How the Overcoat of Eichenbaum was made Ilya Tyurin

She's almost toe to me
And the sleeves are long
But who will get out of the guys
Overcoat, overcoat from the war!
Everything! Resolved!
I'm walking in it.

Mikhail Sadovsky. Overcoat Our friends

Why was the man's overcoat removed?
- Chief, you offend! What an overcoat An overcoat is - it is on the military.
- Yes, you're right - only the military overcoat is now.

Overcoat Roman Shikhansky

Simulated combat conditions Alexander Kuimov

It was necessary to put on an old overcoat, fasten all the buttons, over a belt. The overcoat was doused with flammable liquid and set on fire.

Preparing for arson Alexander Kuimov2

Here's your greatcoat. It looks like an overcoat. You have not worn one of these while serving the king. But this is only in appearance.

How a soldier put on a royal outfit Lyudmila Shchepacheva

"But the greatcoat is mine!

Gogel-Mogel Sergey Varaksin

Kondrat and the ill-fated greatcoat! humor army Leonid Krupatin

rec. 0
KONDRAT AND THE MALKINOUS SHINEL!

Kondrat and the ill-fated greatcoat! Humor Victory Leonid Krupatin

He smiled, took off his overcoat, looked around. And here is the nail driven into the wall. Peck approached him, made a movement, reaching for the carnation.

A bowl Gennady Loktev

AKAKY One hundred and fifty rubles for an overcoat!
GREGORY Yes, sir, and what is the greatcoat.

GogolCinel in the style of Francois Rabelais or carnival Enaki Angela

How is it correct: a bullet-through or a shot-through overcoat? Thanks.

The overcoat, which was shot, - shot through.

Good afternoon!
How to properly address a person: "Let's go home!" or "Let's go home!"
I would say that the first option is correct. But then what about the famous text of Bulat Okudzhava's song: "Take your greatcoat, LET'S GO home!"

Russian language help desk response

Let's go to- a common and stylistically neutral option, let's go- colloquial, acceptable in casual spoken language.

Good afternoon! I would like to ask you whether it is necessary to put a second comma in the next sentence? It seems to me that this is not a participial phrase, and a comma is not needed. Or I'm wrong? "While leaving, he found his greatcoat (,) lying on the floor"

Russian language help desk response

Lying on the floor the participle, but the comma is not put, since the turn is connected in meaning with the predicate (the meaning of the statement is not that he found the greatcoat, but that the greatcoat was lying on the floor).

Determine whether a hard or soft consonant is pronounced in controversial cases:
Alternative, Roerich, package, atheism, intervention, dean's office, tempo, dispensary, term, Cervantes, overcoat, aesthetics, highway, parterre, code, energy, democracy, scheme, grotex, intervision, potential, maxim, hotel, antenna, decade, academy, trend, express, museum, timber, despot, antithesis, Odessa, motto, Remarque, tunnel, Magdeburg, plywood, Rembrandt, apartheid, international, claim, masterpiece, thesis, millionaire, interpretation, stress, Brecht, interviewer, patronage, demon.

Russian language help desk response

Use the electronic dictionaries "Gramota.Ru"!

How to explain the setting of the second comma in a sentence:
Throwing off his greatcoat, he was left in some kind of thin fur coat with rabbit fur, very similar to a women's katsaveika.

Russian language help desk response

The common definition after the word being defined is isolated.

Explain, please, the meaning of the expression "get out of Gogol's overcoat"

Russian language help desk response

Phrase We all left Gogol's "Overcoat" means that the flourishing of Russian classical literature of the 19th century was largely due to the work of N.V. Gogol. The themes raised by Gogol in the story "The Overcoat" ("Little Man", "Petersburg") became the leading themes of Russian literature for many decades.

Hello. Help to distinguish OTHERWISE the introductory word from the union. Doesn't the same moment act here as with HOWEVER (at the beginning of the sentence - the union, in the middle - the introductory word)? Thanks.

Russian language help desk response

ANYWHERE - union and introductory word.
1. Union. The same as "however, still, nevertheless."
_ Little by little, everyone who has completed rather important homework, such as those who have talked with their doctor about the weather and about a small pimple that jumped on their nose, who have learned about the health of their horses and children, who have shown great talents, who have read the poster and important an article in newspapers about those arriving and departing, who finally drank a cup of coffee and tea ... N. Gogol, Nevsky Prospect. _
2. An introductory word indicating that the author moves on to another thought or, expressing his thought, experiences indecision, doubt. As a rule, the introductory word can be removed from the sentence.
Akakiy Akakievich was beginning to make excuses, but everyone began to say that it was impolite, that it was just shame and disgrace, and he certainly could not refuse. However, he later felt pleased when he remembered that he would have occasion to walk even in the evening in a new greatcoat. N. Gogol, Overcoat. “I wanted with all my heart to be what you would like me to be; but I never found help in anyone ... However, I myself am primarily to blame for everything. Help me, teach me, and maybe I will ... ”- Pierre could not speak further; he sniffled and turned away. L. Tolstoy, War and Peace. Today was the chairman of the house committee, examined the complaint about the dog. Beam won. However, my guest judged like Solomon. Nugget! G. Troepolsky, White Bim Black Ear._
In most cases, the word "however", located at the beginning of the sentence, serves as an introductory word and is separated by a comma from the following words. The word "however", located at the junction of two parts of a complex sentence, usually acts as a union.

In Gogol's work "The Overcoat", Bashmachkin, before buying an overcoat, wore an old hood. Is the hood the name of an overcoat or another type of outerwear? What is the correct way to stress the first vowel or the second in the word "hood"?

Russian language help desk response

_Kapot_ (accent on the second syllable) - women's or men's outerwear without interception at the waist.

The just-famous host of the VESTI program, talking about the production of downy shawls by Orenburg residents, several times used the word "artel" instead of "artel". The reporter from the scene did the same. Also several times I heard from the TV news anchors "greatcoat" instead of "greatcoat". Is the pronunciation of "e" in such words already officially changed? After all, in my opinion, these are words of Russian origin, unlike "hotel" or "atelier".

Russian language help desk response

Correctly pronounce soft [t "] (in the word _artel_) and [n"] (in the word _shinel_).

SEARCH IN ORPHOEPIC DICTIONARY

PHONETIC ANALYSIS OF THE WORD "SHINEL"

In a word tire:
1.2 syllables (shi-nel);
2.the stress falls on the 2nd syllable: shinehl

• 1st option

1 ) Transcription of the word "shine l": [shyn❜e l❜].

6 letters, 5 sounds

Customization

PRUNING RULES 1

§ 7

§ 7. Letter and after solid sibilants [w], [w] and after [c] denotes the sound [s]. Wed sew, fat, vein, embroider, zinc (pronounced [shyl, zhyr, zhyla, vyshyt, tsynk]).

§ 27

§ 27. The letter e (in cases where it is impossible to put two dots above it) denotes the struck vowel [e] after consonants. Consonants (except for [w], [w], [c]) before [e] in native Russian words, as well as in a significant part of borrowed words, are pronounced softly, for example: sang, white, faith, chalk, gray, ze rkalo, delo, tésno, cedar, heter, nerve, termin, muse, inspector, medik - combinations are pronounced in them: [p❜ e], [b❜ e ·], [v❜ e ·], [m❜ e], [s❜ é], [z❜ é], [d❜ é], [t❜ é], [k❜ e], [g❜ é], [n❜ e], [t ❜ é], [z❜ é], [n❜ é], [m❜ é] 2.

The consonants [w], [g] and [c] before the vowel [e] (the letter e is written) are pronounced firmly, as in other positions. Wed pole, gesture, valuable (pronounced [she], [zhe], [tse]).

§ 66

§ 66. The following consonants are both hard and soft: [l] and [b], [f] and [c], [t] and [d], [c] and [h], [m], [ p], [l], [n]. For each of these consonants, there is a corresponding letter in Russian graphics. The softness of these consonants at the end of the word is indicated by the letter b... Wed top and swamp (pronounced [top❜]), economical and economical (pronounced [ekan❜m❜]), bang and bang (pronounced [bang]), was and was (pronounced [was❜]). The softness of these consonants in front of the consonants is also indicated: corner and coal (pronounced [ugal❜ ḱ]), bank and banku (pronounced [bá n❜ku]), rarely and redka (pronounced [ré t❜ kъ]) ...

The softness of these consonants before vowels is indicated by the letters of the following vowels: letter i (Unlike and) denotes a vowel [a] after a soft consonant; Wed small and crumpled (pronounced [m❜ al]); letter e (Unlike about) denotes a vowel [o] after a soft consonant; Wed they say and mel (pronounced [m❜ ol]); letter yu (Unlike at) denotes a vowel [y] after a soft consonant; Wed fat and bale (pronounced [t❜ uk]). The use of letters is distributed in approximately the same way and and s: the letter and is used after soft consonants and at the beginning of a word, and the letter s after hard consonants that have a soft pair; Wed game, hut, clean, sew, drank and ardor, sweet and washed, pitchfork and howled, thread and whine, wear and noses.

Examples for distinguishing hard and soft consonants: top and swamp (pronounced [top❜]), bead and hips (pronounced [б❜ о́ drъ]), graph and grafya (pronounced [graph❜ а́]), shaft and sluggish (pronounced [v❜ al]), raft and flesh (pronounced [raft]), shame and shame (pronounced [shame❜ a❜]), wasp and axis (pronounced [os❜]); thunderstorm and threatening (pronounced [graz❜ á]), ox and led (pronounced [v❜ ol]), coffin and row (pronounced [gr❜ op]), steel and steel (pronounced [stal❜]), nose and carried (pronounced [n❜ os]), bow and hatch (pronounced [l❜ uk]), gorka and bitter (pronounced [gor r❜ kъ]).

Before proceeding to performing phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same.

Letters - these are writing, graphic symbols with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to convey meaning visually, we perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read the letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

The list of all letters is just the alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a specific sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet is used:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: b (soft sign) and b (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves determine any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, the word can use more letters than sounds. For example, "childish" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [c]. And vice versa, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "U" in this case is pronounced like [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive the sounding speech by ear. Phonetic parsing of a word means the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such analysis is often called "sound-letter" analysis. So, with phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and the syllabic structure of the phrase, united by a common verbal stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the spelling is correct:

• black -\u003e [ч "О́рный"]
• apple -\u003e [yablaka]
• anchor -\u003e [yakar "]
• tree -\u003e [yolka]
• sun -\u003e [sonce]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly identify and distinguish between the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets -;
• a soft consonant is indicated by the transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
• shock [´] - stress;
• in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] is used - gravis (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Y, Y, E, E, L and B are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for doubled consonants, [:] is used - the sign of the longitude of sound pronunciation.

Below are detailed rules for spelling, alphabetic and phonetic and parsing of words with examples online, in accordance with the school-wide norms of modern Russian. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic signs of vowels and consonant phonemes.

How to do phonetic parsing of a word?

The following scheme will help you carry out a letter analysis:

• Write down the required word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants it contains.
• Indicate a stressed syllable. (Stress with intensity (energy) selects a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word by syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable section in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In transcription, sort the word by sound.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• In front of each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (as it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always the same as letters. The letters "b" and "b" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "u", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and separate its properties with commas:
  • for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; percussive or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and voiced-deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is a sample of phonetic analysis for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'en'n'iye]. In this example, there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables here: I-vle′-no-e. The stress falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [y] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [v] - acc., paired hard, paired zv.l [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired ... sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, stressed [n '] - agree, paired soft., unpaired. zv., sonorous and [and] - vowel., unstressed [y] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorous [e] - vowel, unstressed ________________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word - 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" stand for two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. Further, a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their interrelationships and rules of transcription for sound-letter parsing is given.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are percussive and unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words is: hard - soft, sonorous - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ in both vowels and consonants?

All this is easy to explain. A number of letters when participating in word formation can mean 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

• [b] - cheerful and [b '] - squirrel;
• or [d] - [d ’]: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example, [h '] will always be soft. If you doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: a stream, a pack, a spoon, black, Chegevara, a boy, a rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless proportions, and sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in Russian words

Vowel sounds unlike the melodic consonants, they flow freely from the larynx, as it were, in a chant, without obstacles and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. Conversely, the louder you try to pronounce the consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are there in Russian phonetics?

In Russian speech, fewer vowel phonemes are used than letters. There are six percussion sounds: [a], [and], [o], [e], [y], [s]. Let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, y. The vowels Е, Е, Ю, Я are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words in letters, stress falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of the exhalation, the increased duration of sounding and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced distinctly and expressively, sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retain its basic appearance is called strong position. Only a stressed sound and a syllable can take this position. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with the greatest strength and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less strength and not so clearly.

In the Russian language, only one phoneme "U" retains its unchangeable phonetic properties: ku ku ru za, tablet, u chu s, u lov, - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [u]. This means that the vowel "U" does not undergo a qualitative reduction. Attention: on the letter, the phoneme [y] can also be denoted by another letter "U": muesli [m'u ´sl'i], key [kl'u ´ch ’] and so on.

Parsing the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in the strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko 't'ik], bell [kalako' l'ch'yk], milk [malako'], eight [vo'c'im '], search [paisko' vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in '].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for "O", when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only a few foreign words: cocoa [cocoa "o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra "dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter "ё" - [o]: turn [t'o'rn], fire [cas't'o'r]. It will not be difficult to parse the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the position under stress.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in the words of the Russian language

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after the stress is placed in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamo" to and about the change of phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm home [ya to ma].
• New houses [but "vie da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than it is written:

• mountains - mountain \u003d [go "ry] - [gara"];
• he is online \u003d [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
• testimonial \u003d [s'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative when the duration of the sound changes. And qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristics depending on the position:

• primarily in relation to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in naked syllables (consist of only one vowel);
• by the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

So, differs 1st degree of reduction... It is exposed to:

• vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
• an overt syllable at the very beginning;
• repetitive vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the "head" of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-local [n'iz'd'e'shn'iy].

(naked syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

• ahead -di [fp'ir'i d'i'];
• e-naturally-nno [yi s't'e's't'v'in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables when parsing sound refer to the 2nd degree reduction. It is also called “second degree weak position”.

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-wa't ’];
• to model [ma-dy-l'i'-ra-wat '];
• swallow [la'-sta -ch'ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-yy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in degrees: second, third (after hard and soft agree., This is outside the curriculum): study [uch'i'ts: a], become numb [atyp'in'et't '], hope [nad'e'zhda]. In literal analysis, the reduction of a vowel in a weak position in the final open syllable (\u003d at the absolute end of the word) will appear very slightly:

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound letter parsing: iotated sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], E - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is "Y"? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, Y, Y, Y is determined by their positional position.

When parsing phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "U" always:
  • - hedgehog [yo' zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo'lach'ny], hedgehog [yo' zhyk], capacity [yo' mkast '];
  • - jeweler [yuv 'il'i'r], yula [yu la'], skirt [yu 'pka], Jupiter [yu p'i't'ir], briskness [yu ´rkas't'];
• at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
  • - spruce [ye'l '], I go [ye'w: y], huntsman [ye' g'ir'], eunuch [ye' vuh];
  • - yacht [ya'hta], anchor [ya'kar '], yaki [ya'ki], apple [ya' blaka];
  • (* to perform sound-literal analysis of unstressed vowels "E" and "I", a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel "E" and "U" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except for cases when these letters are located behind a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllables in the middle of words. Online phonetic analysis and examples for specified cases:
  • - the receiver [pr'iyo'mn'ik], singing t [payot], pecking t [klyuyo ´t];
  • -yu rveda [ayu r'v'ed'da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [t'yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the dividing solid "b" the sign "E" and "U" - always, and "E" and "I" only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo'm], shooting [syo'mka], adjutant [adyu "ta'nt]
• after the dividing soft "b" signs "E" and "U" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya'], brothers [brat'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya'na], blizzard [v'yu'ha], family [s'em'ya' ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is crucial. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the letter analysis of the remaining iotated ones and see how they can still change characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels "E" and "I" denote two sounds in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of a word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e'n'i'ye], spruce [yil'vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i'ka], his [yivo'], egoza [yigaza'], Yenisei [yin'is 'hey], Egypt [yig'i'p'it];
  • - January [yi nva'rsky], core [yidro´], sarcastic [yiz'v'i't '], label [yirli'k], Japan [yipo'n'iya], lamb [yign'o'nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign-language word forms and names: Caucasian [ye wrap'io'idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge'ny, European [ye wrap'e'yits], diocese [ye] par'archia, etc.).
• immediately after the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllables, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • timely [svayi vr'e'm'ina], trains [payi zda '], we will eat [payi d'i'm], run over [nayi w: a't'], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi ts], students [uch'a'sh'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe'n'iyi mi], vanity [suyi ta'],
  • bark [la'yi t '], pendulum [ma'yi tn'ik], hare [z'yi ts], belt [po'yi s], declare [zayi v'i't'], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after the dividing hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i't], express [izyi v'i't '], announcement [abyi vl'e'n'iye], edible [this is good].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "hiccups", and for the Moscow school "hiccups". Previously, the iotrated "Yo" was pronounced with a more accented "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to the Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel "I" under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ya ´rmarka], but an egg [yi yzo´].

Important:

The letter "I" after the soft sign "b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's carry out a sample of sound-letter online parsing: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on k'r'yi 'x "socks], rabbit [kro'l'ich'yi], no family [s'im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], nobody's [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [l´s'yi] But: Vowel "O" after a soft sign "B" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotation can be heard: broth [bul'o'n], pavilion n [pav'il'o'n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, chignon n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotine, karagno la, migno n and others.

Phonetic parsing of words when the vowels "U" "E" "Y" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

• sound units "E" "U" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: f, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
  • yo - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [yellow], silk [sho 'lk], whole [whole], recipe [r'itse'ft], pearl [zhe'mch'uk], six [she'st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
• The letters "I" "U" "E" "E" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. The only exception is for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in shock position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], easy [l'o´ hk'iy], honey mushroom [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o'r], child [rib ' o'nak];
  • e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e'n '], mirror [z'e'rkala], smarter [umn'e' ye], conveyor [canv'e' yir];
  • i - [a]: kittens [kat'a'ta], softly [m'a'hka], oath [k'a'tva], took [v'a'l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu - [y]: beak [kl'u'f], people [l'u'd'am], gateway [shl'u'c], tulle [t'u'l '], costume [kas't 'y'm].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the XX century. In such cases, when you make phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate'l '], shoulder strap [br'ite'l'ka], test [te'st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], mashed potatoes [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet 't].
• Attention! After soft consonants in pre-stressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [and] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - zerno [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], ve sely [v'i s'o'ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i't], forest [l'i sleep'y], metitsa [m'i t'e'l'itsa], per po [p'i ro'], brought weak [pr' in'i sl'], knit [v'i z't '], la gat [l'i g't'], five grater [p'i t'o'rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by the organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hiss, whistle or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian?

The alphabet is used to designate them 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in ’]: in height - in yun,
  • [g] - [g ']: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d ']: da acha - d elfin,
  • [z] - [z ']: z von - z ethere,
  • [to] - [to ’]: to onfeta - to yangaroo,
  • [l] - [l ’]: l odka - luks,
  • [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n ']: new - n ectar,
  • [p] - [p ’]: p alma-p yosik,
  • [p] - [p ’]: pomashka - p poison,
  • [s] - [s ’]: s ovenir - yurprise,
  • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t yulpan,
  • [f] - [f ’]: f lag - f evral,
  • [x] - [x ’]: x nut - x seeker.
• Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired include:
  • sounds [f], [c], [sh] are always solid (life, cycl, mouse);
  • [h ’], [sch’] and [th ’] are always soft (daughter, more often, yours).
• The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

The consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

It is possible to determine voicedness-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the involvement of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorous (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they contain a maximum of voice and a little noise: lev, rai, nol.
• If, when pronouncing a word during sound parsing, both a voice and a noise are formed, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.) in front of you: zavod, b people o, z n.
• When pronouncing voiceless consonants (p, s, t and others), the vocal cords are not strained, only noise is emitted: st opka, f ishk a, kost yum, ts irk, zashit.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of the formation: bow (b, p, d, t) - gap (w, w, h, s) and method of articulation: labial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), front lingual (t, d, z, s, c, w, w, sch, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, g, x) ... The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing of words, try pressing your palms to your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound under investigation is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.

Hint: For an associative connection, remember the phrases: "Oh, we haven't forgotten a friend." - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding soft-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some shchets? - Fi! " - similarly, these cues contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant sound, like the vowel, undergoes changes. One and the same letter phonetically can mean a different sound, depending on the position occupied. In the flow of speech, the sounding of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a consonant located nearby. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stunning / voicing

In a certain position, the phonetic law of deafness-voiced assimilation operates for consonants. The voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but w [no'sh], snow [s'n'ek], vegetable garden [agaro't], club [klu'p];
• before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n'izabu't ka], obh vatit [apkh vat'i't ’], tu ornik [ft o'rn'ik], pipe a [corpse a].
• doing sound literal parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless paired consonant in front of a voiced consonant (except for [y '], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l '], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [p] - [p']) also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its own sonorous pair: surrender [zda'ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba'], threshing [malad 'ba'], request [pro'z'ba], guess [adgada't'].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant is not combined with a subsequent voiced noisy one, except for the sounds [в] - [в ']: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both phonemes [s] and [s] is equally permissible.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis in the endings "-th", "-his" adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "Г" is transcribed as a sound [in]: red [krasnava], blue [s'i'n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum for phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [hell: 'il'i't'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced into sounds [d'd '], bessh is clever [b'ish: u ´mny]. When parsing the composition of a number of words in sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, the common feature of two adjacent consonants changes: the combination "GK" sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'oh'kh'k'iy], soft [m'ah'kh ' k'iy].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• The softening of paired solid consonants occurs before "b";
• the softness of a consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help determine the following vowel letter (e, e, i, y, i);
• [u ’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
• the sound [n] is always softened before the soft consonants "Z", "S", "D", "T": claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'iceen'z' iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z'] spruce, face [n'z '] ia, ka [n'd'] idat, ba [n'd '] it, and [n'd'] ivid , blo [n'd '] in, stipe [n'd'] ia, ba [n't '] ik, vi [n't'] ik, zo [n't '] ik, ve [n' t '] il, a [n't'] ichny, ko [n't '] text, rem [n't'] irovat;
• the letters "Н", "К", "Р" during phonetic analysis by composition can soften before soft sounds [h '], [u']: glass ik [stack'n'ch'ik], change ik [sm'e ′ N'sh'ik], ponch ik [po'n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'en'n'sh'ik], boulevard ina [bul'va'r'sh'ina], borsch [ borscht'];
• often the sounds [z], [s], [p], [n] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation by hardness-softness: wall [s't'en'nka], life [zhyz'n '], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-letter analysis, take into account the words of the exception, when the consonant [p] is pronounced firmly in front of the soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’]: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during literal analysis, in square brackets, a [-] dash is put in front of the letter "b".

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless in front of hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before hissing (f, w, w, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

• Alphabetic analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: come [pr'iye'zhzhii], rebellion [vash e'stv'iye], izzh elta [i'zhzh elta], squeeze [zh a'l'its: and].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you must designate one of the repetitive sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Combinations of letters with a hissing "szh" - "zzh" are pronounced as a double hard consonant [w:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - as [w:]: squeezed, sew, without a tire, got in.
• Combinations "zzh", "zzh" inside the root during sound-letter parsing is written in transcription as a long consonant [w:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
• The combinations "mid", "zch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are pronounced like a long soft [ш ':]: score [ш': о´т], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place of "mid", "zch" is transcribed as [uch'ch ']: without number [b'esh' h 'isla´], with something [uch'ch' emta] ...
• In the sound-letter parsing of the combination "tch", "dch" at the junction of morphemes is defined as a double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o'ch': hic], moloch ik [little'h ': ik], report [ach ': o´t].

Cheat sheet for the assimilation of consonants at the place of education

• nt → [ni ':]: happiness [ni': a's't'ye], sandstone [n'isch ': a'n'ik], peddler [different'sh': uk], cobbled, calculations exhaust, clean up;
• zch → [uch ’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: uk], loader [gr’sch ’: uk], storyteller [raskash’: uk];
• gh → [u ':]: defector [p'ir'ibe' u': uk], man [musch ': i'na];
• shh → [u ':]: freckled [v'isn'shch': ity];
• stch → [u ':]: tougher [jo'sh': e], whip, snap;
• zd → [uch ':]: buster [abye'sh'': uk], furrowed [baro'sh'': ity];
• ssch → [ny':]: split [rasch ': ip'i't'], generous [rasch ': edr'ils'a];
• vain → [h'ch ']: to split off [ach'ch' ip'it '], to snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat '], in vain [ch'ch' etna], thoroughly [h ' sh 'at'el'na];
• pt → [h ’:]: report [ach’: o′t], homeland [ach ’: izna], ciliated [r'is'n'i'h’: it’s];
• dch → [h ’:]: underline [pach’: o'rk'ivat ’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• squeeze → [w:]: squeeze [w: a't ’];
• zzh → [f:]: get rid of [il: y't ’], ignition [ro'zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a't’];
• ssh → [w:]: brought [pr'in'osh: th], embroidered [rush: y'ty];
• zsh → [w:]: lower [n'ish: y'y]
• thu → [pc], in word forms with "what" and its derivatives, making a sound-letter analysis, we write [pc]: so that [pc o'by], not at all [n'e 'zasht a], something [ piece about n'ibut '], something;
• thu → [h't] in other cases of literal analysis: dreamer [m'ich't a't'il '], mail [po'ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't' e'n ' iye] and so on;
• chn → [shn] in words-exceptions: of course [kan'eshn a ′], boring [sku'shn a ′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc .;
• chn → [ch'n] - alphabetic analysis for all other options: fabulous [skazach'n], dacha [da'ch'n], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i'ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc .;
• ! zhd → in place of the letter combination "zhd", double pronunciation and transcription [ш ’] or [pcs’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it are permissible: rainy, rain.

Unpronounceable consonants in Russian words

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the spelling of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. In order to correctly perform phonetic parsing online, an unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than the number of letters.

In Russian phonetics, the unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m'es'n'y], reed [trans'n''i'k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words flattering, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participatory, well-known, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy ive [sch ': asl ’i'vy"], happy ive, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and post, in them the letter "T" is pronounced);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: giant [g'iga'nsk'y], agent, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat me [vyes: a], I swear [cl'a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:]: tourist cue [tour'i's: c'y], maximalist cue [max'imal'i's: c'y], racist [ras'i's: c'y] , bests yeller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: roentgen [r'eng ’e'n];
  • “–Sat”, “–sat” → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile'ts: a], wash [my'ts: a], looks, fits, bows, shaves, suits;
  • ts → [c] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and suffix: childish [d'e'ts k'iy], brotherly [bra'tskiy];
  • ts → [c:] / [cs]: sports men [spark: m'en'n], send [acs yyl'at '];
  • tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic parsing online is written as a long "ts": bratz a [bra'ts: a], father to drink [ats: ep'i't '], to father u [to ac: y´];
• "D" - when parsing the sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [pos'z'n 'iy], starry [z'v'o'zniy], festive ik [pra'z'n' ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm ' e'zn th];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mouthsh tuk [munsh tu'k], landsh aft [lansh a'ft];
  • ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala'nsk'ii], Thai [thaila'nsk''ii], Norman [narma'nsk''ii];
  • zdc → [ss]: under the bridle [pad usts´];
  • ndc → [nts]: dutch [gala'ants];
  • rdc → [rts]: heart e [s'e'rts e], heart of evin [s'irtz yv'i'na];
  • rdch → [rf "]: heart ishko [s'erch 'and'shka];
  • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in the roots, are pronounced and when parsing the sound, the word is written as double [ts]: punch [pats: yp'i't '], twenty [d'ts: yt'] ;
  • ds → [c]: factory [zavats k'y], family [rats], means [sr'e'ts tva], Kislovods k [k'islavots k];
• "L" - in combinations:
  • lnts → [nts]: suns e [so'nts e], suns state;
• "B" - in combinations:
  • vstv → [st] literal parsing of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'stv a], feelings [ch'u'stv 'inas't'], pampering about [dances o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in: th].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonants "stk", "ntk", "zdk", "ndk", the phoneme [t] is not allowed to fall out: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, irish, tartan.

• Two identical letters immediately after a stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:] when parsing literally: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tanel '], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform phonetic parsing of a word online according to the indicated rules, or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book ". M. 1959

References:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. - Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. - Education, M .: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Russian spelling rules with comments.
• Tutorial. - "Institute for Advanced Training of Educators", Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Reference book on spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word by sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format of the school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.