The participants in the Crusades were called crusaders.

The beginning of the funeral of the Cross was laid in 1095, when Pope Urban II, at a church council in the southern French city of Clermont, called on all faithful Christians to go to Palestine and free the "Lord's Day tomb" from the hands of Muslims. The Pope's call found an immediate response in the souls of people, but, in addition to a sincere religious impulse, one can also find a number of social reasons that contributed to the start of a mass movement for the liberation of the "tomb of the Lord".

In the XI century. in Europe, the right is approved premiership, according to which the feud was inherited only by the eldest son of the feudal lord, while the younger sons were forced to seek income for themselves by serving at the court of more powerful lords or king. Therefore, for them the Crusade seemed a real opportunity to obtain profitable land ownership in the East.

For the impoverished peasants, the Crusade was seen as a means of improving their material situation, acquiring land free from the power of the lord.

Going to the East was prompted by the Pope's promise to forgive all participants in the Crusade for their sins and debts to the church.

The papacy itself viewed the crusading movement as an opportunity to strengthen its authority, which was especially important in the era of the struggle for investiture with the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire.

The most successful was First Crusade (1096-1099), during which a number of territories in the Middle East were conquered from the Seljuks, including the city of Jerusalem. The success of the Crusaders was largely determined by the fragmentation of the actions of the Muslim states against the Europeans.

In the conquered territories, four Christian states were created (the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Edes, the Principality of Antioch and the County of Tripoli), into which the feudal system that prevailed in Western Europe was transferred. All other Crusades, in fact, were only attempts to hold the conquered territories, but the crusaders failed to complete this task. By the end of the XIII century. Europeans lost all their possessions in the Middle East.

The crusades to the East were the most common and long-lasting manifestation of the crusading movement. However, they were made in other directions.

Crusades in the Baltics

At the beginning of the XIII century. Toulouse became the center of the Albigensian heresy, and the Toulouse count even patronized the heretics. Several Crusades were organized against the Albi-Goyans. In 1226, the French king Louis VIII, at the head of the crusading army, conquered the Toulouse county, which was included in the royal domain. In an effort to no longer allow such a large-scale and deep spread of heretical teachings, the Catholic Church in the XIII century. established the inquisition - a special body whose main function was to identify and eradicate heresies.

The crusades to the East had serious consequences for Europeans: acquaintance with oriental culture, familiarizing European seniors with oriental luxury, expanding the diet, acquiring new geographical knowledge, etc.

Crusades

1095-1096 - Poverty campaign or peasant campaign
1095-1099 - First Crusade
1147-1149 - Second Crusade
1189-1192 - Third Crusade
1202-1204 - Fourth Crusade
1202-1212 - Children's Crusade
1218-1221 - Fifth Crusade
1228-1229 - Sixth Crusade
1248-1254 - Seventh Crusade
1270-12 ?? - The Last Crusade

CRUSHES (1096-1270), military and religious expeditions of Western Europeans to the Middle East with the aim of conquering the Holy Places associated with the earthly life of Jesus Christ - Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulcher.

Prerequisites and start of hikes

The preconditions for the Crusades were: the tradition of pilgrimages to the Holy Places; a change in views on the war, which began to be considered not sinful, but a good deed, if it was waged against the enemies of Christianity and the church; capture in the XI century. by the Seljuk Turks of Syria and Palestine and the threat of the capture of Byzantium; difficult economic situation in Western Europe in the 2nd half. 11th century

On November 26, 1095, Pope Urban II called on those gathered at the local church council in Clermont to recapture the Holy Sepulcher captured by the Turks. Those who took this vow sewed on their clothes crosses made of rags and therefore were called "crusaders". For those who went on the Crusade, the Pope promised earthly riches in the Holy Land and heavenly bliss in case of death, they received complete absolution, they were forbidden to collect debts and feudal duties during the campaign, their families were under the protection of the church.

First crusade

In March 1096, the first stage of the First Crusade (1096-1101) began - the so-called. campaign of the poor. Crowds of peasants, with families and belongings, armed with anything, led by random leaders, or even without them, moved to the east, marking their way with robberies (they believed that since they are soldiers of God, then any earthly property belongs to them) and Jewish pogroms (in their eyes, Jews from the nearest town were descendants of the persecutors of Christ). Of the 50-thousand troops of Asia Minor, only 25 thousand reached, and almost all of them died in the battle with the Turks near Nicea on October 25, 1096.

In the fall of 1096, a knightly militia set out on a journey from different parts of Europe, its leaders were Gottfried of Bouillon, Raymond of Toulouse, and others. By the end of 1096 - beginning of 1097, they gathered in Constantinople, in the spring of 1097 they crossed into Asia Minor, where, together with the Byzantine troops, they began the siege of Nicea. took it on June 19 and handed it over to the Byzantines. Further, the path of the crusaders lay in Syria and Palestine. On February 6, 1098, Edessa was taken, on the night of June 3 - Antioch, a year later, on June 7, 1099, they laid siege to Jerusalem, and on July 15 they captured it, perpetrating a cruel massacre in the city. On July 22, at a meeting of princes and prelates, the Kingdom of Jerusalem was established, to which the county of Edessa, the principality of Antioch and (from 1109) the county of Tripoli were subject. The head of state was Gottfried of Bouillon, who received the title "defender of the Holy Sepulcher" (his successors bore the title of kings). In 1100-1101, new troops from Europe left for the Holy Land (historians call this a "rearguard campaign"); the borders of the Kingdom of Jerusalem were established only by 1124.

There were few immigrants from Western Europe who permanently lived in Palestine; spiritual and knightly orders played a special role in the Holy Land, as well as settlers from the coastal trading cities of Italy who formed special privileged quarters in the cities of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Second crusade

After the Turks conquered Edessa in 1144, the Second Crusade (1147-1148) was declared on December 1, 1145, led by King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany, and was unsuccessful.

In 1171, power in Egypt was seized by Salah-ad-Din, who annexed Syria to Egypt and in the spring of 1187 began a war against Christians. On July 4, in a battle that lasted for 7 hours near the village of Hittin, the Christian army was defeated, in the second half of July, the siege of Jerusalem began, and on October 2 the city surrendered to the mercy of the victor. By 1189, several fortresses and two cities remained in the hands of the crusaders - Tire and Tripoli.

Third crusade

On October 29, 1187, the Third Crusade (1189-1192) was declared. The expedition was led by the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Frederick I Barbarossa, the kings of France Philip II Augustus and of England - Richard I the Lionheart. German militia on May 18, 1190 captured the city of Iconium (now Konya, Turkey) in Asia Minor, but on June 10, while crossing a mountain river, Frederick drowned, and the demoralized German army retreated. In the fall of 1190, the crusaders began a siege of Acre - a port city, the sea gate of Jerusalem. Acre was taken on June 11, 1191, but even before that Philip II and Richard had quarreled, and Philip sailed to his homeland; Richard undertook several unsuccessful attacks, including two on Jerusalem, concluded on September 2, 1192, an extremely disadvantageous treaty for Christians with Salah ad Din, and left Palestine in October. Jerusalem remained in the hands of Muslims, Acre became the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Fourth Crusade. Taking Constantinople

In 1198 a new, Fourth Crusade was declared, which took place much later (1202-1204). It was supposed to strike at Egypt, which belonged to Palestine. Since the crusaders did not have enough money to pay for ships for a naval expedition, Venice, which possessed the most powerful fleet in the Mediterranean, requested assistance in payment in the conquest of the Christian (!) City of Zadar on the Adriatic coast, which happened on November 24, 1202, and then prompted the crusaders move to Byzantium, Venice's main commercial rival, under the pretext of intervening in dynastic strife in Constantinople and uniting the Orthodox and Catholic Churches under the auspices of the papacy. On April 13, 1204, Constantinople was taken and brutally plundered. Part of the territories conquered from Byzantium went to Venice, on the other part the so-called. Latin Empire. In 1261, Orthodox emperors, entrenched in Asia Minor, not occupied by Western Europeans, with the help of the Turks and Venice's rival, Genoa, again occupied Constantinople.

Children's crusade

In view of the failures of the crusaders in the mass consciousness of Europeans, the conviction arose that the Lord, who did not give victory to the strong, but to the sinful, would grant it to the weak but sinless. In the spring and early summer of 1212, crowds of children began to gather in different parts of Europe, declaring that they were going to liberate Jerusalem (the so-called crusade of children, not included by historians in the total number of crusades).

The church and the secular authorities were suspicious of this spontaneous outburst of popular religiosity and in every possible way prevented it. Some of the children died on the way through Europe from hunger, cold and disease, some reached Marseilles, where clever merchants, promising to transport the children to Palestine, brought them to the slave markets of Egypt.

Fifth Crusade

The Fifth Crusade (1217-1221) began with an expedition to the Holy Land, but, having failed there, the crusaders, who did not have a recognized leader, in 1218 transferred military operations to Egypt. On May 27, 1218, they began a siege of the fortress Damietta (Dumyat) in the Nile delta; The Egyptian sultan promised them to lift the siege of Jerusalem, but the crusaders refused, took Damietta on the night of November 4-5, 1219, tried to build on the success and occupy the whole of Egypt, but the offensive stalled. On August 30, 1221, peace was concluded with the Egyptians, according to which the soldiers of Christ returned Damietta and left Egypt.

Sixth Crusade

The Sixth Crusade (1228-1229) was undertaken by Emperor Frederick II Staufen. This constant enemy of the papacy was excommunicated on the eve of the campaign. In the summer of 1228, he sailed to Palestine, thanks to skillful negotiations, he entered into an alliance with the Egyptian sultan and, as for help against all his enemies, Muslims and Christians (!), Received Jerusalem without a single battle, where he entered on March 18, 1229. Since the emperor was under excommunication, the return of the Holy City to the bosom of Christianity was accompanied by the prohibition of worship in it. Frederick soon left for his homeland, he had no time to deal with Jerusalem, and in 1244 the Egyptian sultan again and finally took Jerusalem, staging a massacre of the Christian population.

Seventh and Eighth Crusades

The Seventh Crusade (1248-1254) was almost exclusively a matter of France and its King Louis IX the Saint. Egypt was again targeted. In June 1249, the crusaders took Damietta a second time, but were later blocked and in February 1250 they surrendered in full force, including the king. In May 1250 the king was released for a ransom of 200 thousand livres, but did not return to his homeland, but moved to Acre, where he waited in vain for help from France, where he sailed in April 1254.

In 1270, the same Louis undertook the last, the Eighth Crusade. His target was Tunisia, the most powerful Muslim maritime state in the Mediterranean. It was supposed to establish control over the Mediterranean in order to freely send troops of the crusaders to Egypt and the Holy Land. However, soon after the landing in Tunisia on June 18, 1270, an epidemic broke out in the crusader camp, Louis died on August 25, and on November 18, the army, without engaging in any battle, sailed home, carrying the body of the king.

Things in Palestine were getting worse, Muslims took city after city, and on May 18, 1291, Acra fell - the last stronghold of the crusaders in Palestine.

Both before and after this, the church repeatedly proclaimed crusades against the pagans (a campaign against the Polabian Slavs in 1147), heretics and against the Turks in the 14-16th centuries, but they are not included in the total number of crusades.

Lesson 29: "Crusades. Reasons and participants

crusades, their consequences ”.

The purpose of the lesson: To reveal the main reasons for the crusades to the East and the goals of their participants. Show the role of the church as the inspirer and organizer of these campaigns. To contribute to the formation of students' ideas about the aggressive and colonial nature of the crusade movement.

Plan for learning new material:

Reasons and participants of the crusades.

First Crusade and the formation of the Crusader states.

Subsequent campaigns and their results.

Spiritual knightly orders.

Consequences of the Crusades.

At the beginning of the lesson, the teacher can update the students' knowledge about the role of the Catholic Church in the life of medieval society.

Moving on to the study of a new topic, the teacher pays attention to revealing the truereasons for the crusades:

The desire of the popes to extend their power to new lands;

The desire of secular and spiritual feudal lords to acquire new lands and increase their income;

The desire of Italian cities to establish their control over trade in the Mediterranean;

Striving to get rid of the robber knights;

Deep religious feelings of the crusaders.

Crusades - the military-colonial movement of Western European feudal lords to the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean inXI- XIII centuries (1096-1270).

Reason for the start of the Crusades:

In 1071 Jerusalem was captured by the Seljuk Turks and access to the Holy Places was cut off.

Appeal of the Byzantine Emperor AlexeiI Komnina to the Pope asking for help.

In 1095, Pope UrbanII called for a march to the East and the liberation of the Holy Sepulcher. The motto of the knights: "This is what God wants."

Total has been done8 hikes:

The first is 1096-1099. The second - 1147-1149. The third - 1189-1192

The fourth - 1202-1204 ……. Eighth - 1270.

Using the capabilities of computer presentation, the teacher can invite students to familiarize themselves with the social composition of the participants in the crusades, their goals and the results achieved.

Participants of the Crusades and their goals:

Participants

Objectives

results

Catholic Church

The spread of the influence of Christianity in the East.

Expansion of land holdings and an increase in the number of taxpayers.

I didn't get the land.

Kings

The search for new lands in order to expand the royal army and influence the royal power.

The craving for a beautiful life and luxury has increased.

Dukes and Earls

Enrichment and expansion of land holdings.

Changes in everyday life.

Trade inclusion.

Borrowing oriental inventions and cultures.

Knights

Search for new lands.

Many died.

They did not receive the land.

Cities (Italy)

Merchants

Establishing control over trade in the Mediterranean.

Interest in trade with the East.

Revival of trade and establishment of control of Genoa and Venice over trade in the Mediterranean.

Peasants

The search for freedom and property.

Death of people.

At the end of the work with the table, the students must independently draw a conclusion about the nature of the crusades (aggressive).

Traditionally, history lessons cover the first, third and fourth crusades in detail.

First Crusade (1096-1099)

Spring 1096 Autumn 1096

(campaign of the peasants) (campaign of the knights of Europe)

defeat victory

1097 1098 1099

Nicea Edessa Jerusalem

Antioch

Working with the map in E.A. Kryuchkova's workbook (task 98 pp.55-56) or tasks on the contour map “Western Europe in the XI-XIII centuries. Crusades "(indicate the states of the crusaders and mark their borders).

Crusader states

Jerusalem Edessa Antioch Trypillian

kingdom kingdom kingdom kingdom

(main state

in the Eastern Middle

earthsea)

Significance of the First Crusade:

Showed how influential the Catholic Church has become.

Moved a huge mass of people from Europe to the Middle East.

Strengthening the feudal oppression of the local population.

New Christian states arose in the East, Europeans seized new possessions in Syria and Palestine.

Reasons for the fragility of the Crusader states:

along with feudal relations, feudal fragmentation and civil strife were inevitably transferred here;

there were few convenient land for cultivation, and consequently there were fewer people willing to fight for them;

conquered locals remained Muslims, which led to double hatred and struggle.

Consequences of Conquest:

looting;

the seizure of land, the introduction of feudal relations;

huge taxes (from 1/3 to 1/2 of the harvest + taxes to the king + 1/10 to the church);

creation of spiritual orders of knighthood.

Reasons for the beginning of the second crusade:

Results of the first Struggle Liberation Call for a new

cross of the conquered Edessa cross

march of peoples from the crusaders to march

Second Crusade (1147-1149) - headed the German

emperor ConradIII and the French king LouisVii.

The campaign to Edessa and Damascus ended with the defeat of the crusaders.

Third Crusade (campaign of the three kings) (1189-1192) –

Frederick Barbarossa for Jerusalem Salah ad-Din (Saladin)

Richard the Lionheart (united Egypt, Mesopo

Philip II... tamia, Syria, returned

Jerusalem)

2-year siege of Acre

Truce.

Jerusalem was not returned, but Salah ad-Din agreed

for the admission of Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem shrines.

Reasons for the defeat of the Third Crusade:

the death of Friedrich Barbarossa;

philip's quarrel II and Richard the Lionheart, Philip's departure at the height of the battle;

insufficient strength;

there is no single campaign plan;

the strength of the Muslims was growing;

there is no unity among the crusader states in the Eastern Mediterranean;

huge sacrifices and difficulties of campaigns, there are no longer so many people willing.

Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) - organized by dad

Innocent III

Capture of Zadar Capture of Constantinople pogroms and plunder

The collapse of the Byzantine Empire

Fighting Christians

Formation of the Latin Empire (until 1261)

Predatory

essence of hiking

Loss of religious

essence of hiking

In this campaign, the aggressive, plundering goals of the crusaders were most clearly manifested.

Gradually, the crusaders lost their possessions in Syria and Palestine. The number of participants in the campaigns decreased. The uplift was gone.

The most tragic thing about the crusader movement was the organized

in 1212 a children's crusade.

Question:

Why did the Catholic Church support the call to send the Lord's children to free the sepulcher?

Answer:

The Church argued that adults are powerless to free the Lord's tomb, because they are sinful, and God expects feat from children.

some of the children returned home;

As a result, a part died of thirst and hunger;

some were sold into slavery by merchants in Egypt.

Eighth Crusade (1270)

to Tunisia and Egypt

Defeat.

Loss of all their lands in the Muslim world.

In 1291, the last stronghold of the crusaders fell - the fortress of Acra.

The history of the Crusades is a story of how two different worlds could not learn tolerance for each other, how the seeds of hatred sprouted.

One of the main consequences of the conquests of the crusaders in the East was the creation of spiritual and knightly orders.

Signs of spiritual knightly orders:

led by masters;

obeyed the Pope, did not depend on local authorities;

their members renounced property and family - they became monks;

but - had the right to carry weapons;

created to fight the infidels;

had privileges: were exempted from tithes, subject only to papal judgment, had the right to accept offerings and gifts;

they were forbidden: hunting, dice, laughter and unnecessary conversations.

Three main orders of knighthood

Templar

Hospitallers

Teutons

The Order of the Knights of the Temple ("temple" - temple) - "Templars".

Created in 1118-1119.

Residence in Jerusalem.

The symbol is a white cloak with a red eight-pointed cross.

The order supported heretics.

They were engaged in usury and trade.

In 1314, the master of the order de Male was burned at the stake, and the order ceased to exist.

Order of the Horsemen of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem - Ionites.

Created in XI century in Jerusalem.

The hospital was founded by the merchant Mauro.

The symbol is a white eight-pointed cross on a black mantle, later on a red cloak.

Later they settled on the island of Rhodes (the Rhodes knights), then on the island of Malta (the Knights of Malta).

The Order of Malta still exists today. Residence in Rome.

Order of the house of St. Mary of Teutonic.

("Teuton" - German)

Created in XII century in Jerusalem.

German-speaking pilgrims hospital founded.

The symbol is a white cloak with a black cross.

IN XIII century united with the Livonian Order.

Defeated at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410.

The Nazis borrowed the cross from them.

In Germany, the Teutonic Order still exists.

As a homework assignment, students may be asked to fill out the table:

Positive

Negative

the calamities of the peoples of the East;

the collapse of the Byzantine Empire;

Aftermath of the Crusades:

Positive

Negative

revival of trade between West and East;

impetus to the development of European trade, transfer of control over trade in the Mediterranean to Venice and Genoa;

new cultures came to Europe from the East (watermelons, sugarcane, buckwheat, lemons, apricots, rice);

windmills spread to the East;

europeans learned to make silk, glass, mirrors;

there have been changes in European everyday life (washing hands, bathing, changing clothes);

western feudal lords were even more drawn to luxury in clothing, food, weapons;

the knowledge of people about the world around them has expanded.

the calamities of the peoples of the East;

huge sacrifices on both sides;

destruction of cultural monuments;

increased hostility between the Orthodox and Catholic churches;

the collapse of the Byzantine Empire;

the contradictions between the Muslim East and the Christian West became even deeper;

weakened the influence and power of the Pope, who was unable to carry out such grandiose plans.

Aftermath of the Crusades:

Positive

Negative

revival of trade between West and East;

impetus to the development of European trade, transfer of control over trade in the Mediterranean to Venice and Genoa;

new cultures came to Europe from the East (watermelons, sugarcane, buckwheat, lemons, apricots, rice);

windmills spread to the East;

europeans learned to make silk, glass, mirrors;

there have been changes in European everyday life (washing hands, bathing, changing clothes);

western feudal lords were even more drawn to luxury in clothing, food, weapons;

the knowledge of people about the world around them has expanded.

the calamities of the peoples of the East;

huge sacrifices on both sides;

destruction of cultural monuments;

increased hostility between the Orthodox and Catholic churches;

the collapse of the Byzantine Empire;

the contradictions between the Muslim East and the Christian West became even deeper;

weakened the influence and power of the Pope, who was unable to carry out such grandiose plans.

Homework:

Tutorials:

A - §§ 22, 23; B - §§ 25, 27; Br - § 24; B - § 17; D - § 4.4; D - §§ 22, 23; K - § 30;

CNCH - pp. 250-264, 278-307.

Completing the table: "Consequences of the Crusades."

CHRONOLOGY OF CRUSH CASES

On November 26, 1095, Pope Urban II, at a church cathedral in Clermont, in Auvergne (Central France), announced the beginning of a crusade to free Palestine and Jerusalem (Holy Land) from the rule of Seljuk Muslims. From that day on, those who took a vow to participate in the campaign and "took the cross" in the form of a scarlet or white stripe on their clothes began to be called crusaders.

1096 Spring. At the call of the monk Peter the Hermit (the Hermit), a crusade of the poor began. Led by the monk and impoverished knight Gauthier Sanzavoir (Walter Golyak), the crusaders moved along the Danube and further through Constantinople to the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, which occupied part of the territory of Asia Minor. The overwhelming majority of the peasants who took part in the campaign died in clashes with the inhabitants of the Christian countries of Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, Byzantium, who saw in them only robbers and beggars, and after crossing the Bosphorus, in clashes with the Seljuks. Many fell into slavery. The remnants of the detachments then united with the knightly militia and took part in the battles of Doriley and Antioch. Their leaders Walter Golyak died under Nicomedia, and Peter the Hermit ended his life in a monastery in France.

1096-1099 The first crusade of the feudal troops. In August 1096, columns of knights moved in the direction of Palestine: from Normandy, led by Duke Robert, son of William the Conqueror; from Flanders, led by Count Robert II; from Lorraine, led by Gottfried of Bouillon (Godefroy of Bouillon); from southern France under the leadership of Raymond of Toulouse and Count Stephen de Blois; from southern Italy, led by Bohemond of Tarentum, son of Robert Guiscard. After joining forces in Constantinople and crossing in 1097 to Asia Minor, the crusaders captured Nicaea, the capital of the Rum sultanate, in which the Byzantine emperor Alexei I Komnenos was re-established. Then, after the victory in August 1097 over the Seljuq Turks of Sultan Kilich Arslan I near Doriley, overcoming the desert areas of Asia Minor, the divided crusader army took Edessa and after an eight-month siege, the capital of Syria, Antioch. Due to the division of new possessions in the camp of the crusaders, feuds erupt, as a result of which only separate detachments of knights continue the campaign under the leadership of the Dukes of Lorraine and Normandy and Counts Raymond of Toulouse and Robert of Flanders. On July 15, 1099, the crusaders take Jerusalem by storm. In the same year, they capture another part of the cities of the Holy Land, including Tripoli. The result of the First Crusade was the emergence of Christian (Latin) states in the East: the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which ascended the throne with the title of "defender of the Holy Sepulcher" by Godfroy of Bouillon; the principality of Antioch, led by Bohemond of Tarentum; the county of Tripoli, led by Raymond of Toulouse; and the county of Edessa, led by the brother of Godefroy of Bouillon Baudouin. At the end of 1099, the crusader army defeated the Seljuks of the Egyptian Fatimid caliphate near Ascalon.

1100 Death of Godefroy of Bouillon. His younger brother Baudouin (Baldwin) I, as King of Jerusalem, ascends to the throne. He passes the administration of the county of Edessa to his cousin Baudouin of Burg.

1101-1103 Campaign of the new knightly militia, in support of the first crusaders under the leadership of the Duke of Bavarian Welf, Bishop of Milan Anselm and Duke of Burgundy. The expedition ended unsuccessfully, having suffered a series of defeats from the Seljuk Turks.

1100-1118 biennium The reign of Baudouin (Baldwin) I. Further conquests by the crusaders of the cities of Syria and Palestine: Tiberias, Jaffa, Zarepta, Beirut, Sidon, Ptolemais (Acre, or Akkon) and other fortresses. Fight against Muslims in Galilee, a province of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

1118-1131 Board of Baudouin (Baldwin) II (Burgsky). Taking Tyr. Creation of spiritual and military knightly orders of the Templars (Templars) and Hospitallers (Johannites) to fight the Saracens and protect the possessions of Christians in the Holy Land.

1131-1143 The reign of Fulk of Anjou, son-in-law of Baudouin II. Construction of castles and fortresses in the Holy Land. In 1135 Roger II, King of Sicily and Southern Italy, defeats the Iconian Sultan. In 1137, the king of Jerusalem, the prince of Antioch, Raymond, and the troops of the Byzantine emperor John II Comnenus, unsuccessfully besieged Aleppo (Aleppo).

1143-1162 Board of Baudouin (Baldwin) III, grandson of Baudouin (Baldwin) II. The capture of the emirs of Mosul by Emadaddin Zengi and his son Nureddin of Edessa in 1144. Fall of the Edessa county.

1147-1149 Second Crusade led by King Louis VII of France and German Emperor Conrad III. The campaign ended unsuccessfully: the German army was defeated at Doriley, and the French were defeated at the siege of Damascus. New strife in the Christian army. The capture of Ascalon by Baudouin (Baldwin) III in 1150. The marriage of the king of Jerusalem to the niece of the Byzantine emperor Manuel Theodora.

1162-1174 biennium The reign of Amalric I, the younger brother of Baudouin (Baldwin) III. Two campaigns of the crusaders in Egypt. Arrival in the Holy Land of Guy de Lusignan with French knights from Poitou and Aquitaine. Knight Renaud de Chatillon appears in Palestine. Commander of Emir Nureddin Saladin (Salah ad-Din ibn Ayyub) in Egypt. Death of Emir Nureddin in 1171. Saladin overthrows the Egyptian caliph from the Fatimid dynasty and proclaims himself sultan, founding a new Ayyubid dynasty (1171-1250).

1174-1185 biennium The reign of Baudouin (Baldwin) IV (Leper), son of Amalric I. In 1178, the Crusaders defeat Saladin's army near Ascalon. Baron Renaud de Chatillon becomes the owner of the Kerak and Montreal castles, which control the trade route between Egypt and Jerusalem. Wedding of Sibylla, sister of Baudouin IV and Guy of Lusignans. Appointment of Lusignan as regent of the kingdom, instead of Count Raymond of Tripoli. Removal of Lusignan from the post of regent, coronation in 1185 of the little son of Sibylla from his first marriage to William of Montferrat as Baudouin V and his short reign (1185-1186). Baron Renaud de Chatillon breaks the truce with Saladin by capturing his trade caravans.

1186 Guy de Lusignan is proclaimed king of Jerusalem.

1187 The invasion of the Christian states of the Seljuk Saladin. The defeat of the Crusader army on 4 July at the Battle of Hittin. Defense of Jerusalem by the knight Valian de Ibelin. October 1187 - Jerusalem surrendered. The fall of a number of cities taken by storm by Muslims. The surrender of Ascalon in exchange for the freedom of the King of Jerusalem, Guy de Lusignan, who was captured in the Battle of Hittin. From 1187 to 1192 Lusignan was purely the figurehead king of Jerusalem. Successful defense of Tire by the Marquis Konrad of Montferrat.

1189-1192 Third Crusade. The Crusader armies were led by the German Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, the English King Richard I the Lionheart and the King of France Philip II Augustus. Barbarossa, who started it first, after a series of victories, by an unfortunate coincidence, drowned while crossing the mountain rivulet Salef in Asia Minor, never reaching Palestine, after which the bulk of the German army turned back. The naval campaign of Richard I ended with the capture of Cyprus from the Byzantines, and after the union in the Holy Land with the French army - the powerful fortress of Acre (on the northern coast of Palestine). Disputes between the kings of England and France, which began in Sicily, led to the withdrawal of the French from Tire. Despite a number of victories, attempts by Richard I to reach Jerusalem and take the city were unsuccessful. Having signed a peace treaty with the Sultan Saladin, according to which the Crusaders remained the coast from Tire to Jaffa, including the completely destroyed Ascalon, a free pilgrimage route to Jerusalem was opened, and Richard I left Palestine. Guy Lusignan resigns his crown and departs for Cyprus. Election of King of Jerusalem, Konrad of Montferrat and his assassination by the assassins. Count Henry of Champagne becomes the new king.

1193 Death of Saladin. Internal struggle in the Ayyubid family.

1195 German emperor Henry VI is going to a new campaign, which did not take place due to the death of the emperor.

1202-1204 Fourth Crusade. The Marquis Boniface of Montferrat and Count Baudouin (Baldwin) of Flanders responded to Pope Innocent III's call to seize Egypt, on which the fate of the Christian states of Palestine depended. They turned to Venice, which had the best fleet, to transport their troops to Egypt. Pursuing private interests, the Doge of Venice, Enrico Dandolo, was able to redirect the power of the crusader army against Orthodox Byzantium. Having seized, at the request of the Venetian authorities, the Dalmatian port of Zadar, the crusaders accepted the offer of the German emperor and Byzantine prince Alexei Angel, who fled to the West after the usurpation of the throne by his uncle, and turned their weapons against Constantinople. In April 1204, Constantinople fell, and the European possessions of Byzantium, as well as part of Asia Minor, went to the newly formed Latin Empire, headed by the Count of Flanders (under the name of Emperor Baudouin (Baldwin) I). On the remnants of Byzantium's Asia Minor possessions, an Orthodox state was formed - the Nicene Empire, under the rule of the Laskaris dynasty.

1205 Death of the King of Jerusalem Amalric II. Maria, daughter of his wife by her second marriage, becomes regent of the kingdom. At the insistence of the French king Philip II Augustus, she marries John de Brienne, who became king of Jerusalem.

1212 The crusade of children, which began after the sermons that God would give the Holy Land into the hands of children who had no sin. Thousands of teenagers were loaded onto ships in Marseilles, and then, upon arrival at the Egyptian port of Alexandria, sold into slavery by the shipowners.

1217-1221 Fifth Crusade. Was directed against Egypt. Led by King Andrew (Endre) of Hungary, Duke Leopold of Austria and the rulers of the Crusader states, the campaign culminated in the capture of Damietta, an important fortress on the Egyptian coast. Strife among the crusaders prevented the development of the success of the enterprise and the holding of the city.

1228-1229 biennium Sixth Crusade. It is headed by the German Emperor and King of the Two Sicilies Frederick II Staufen, who accepted the cross in 1212. The emperor fortified Jaffa, and then, through negotiations with the Sultan of Egypt Elkamil, managed to return Jerusalem, Nazareth and Bethlehem without war, after which he proclaimed himself King of Jerusalem, however, not approved by either the Pope or the collection of noble feudal lords of the Holy Land. Jerusalem, according to the treaty, was in the hands of Christians until 1244.

1248-1254 Seventh Crusade. Organized by the French King Louis IX the Saint, famous for his asceticism and piety. Having landed in Egypt, the king captured a number of fortresses, however, being defeated near Cairo, was captured by the Muslims and was released for a huge ransom.

1261 The short-lived Latin Empire collapses. The founder of the last Byzantine dynasty, Emperor Michael VIII of Nicaea Palaeologus captures Constantinople and revives the Byzantine Empire.

1270 Eighth Crusade. It was also begun by Saint Louis IX. First planned against Egypt, due to the influence of his brother Charles of Anjou on the French king, who by that time had become king of the Two Sicilies, the campaign turned out to be directed against the Arab states of North Africa. Having landed with troops in Tunis, near the ruins of Carthage, King Louis and his army fell victim to the plague.

1291 The year of the fall of the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land of the fortress of Acre (Saint-Jean d "Acre) under the blows of the Turks is considered the end of the era of the Crusades. From the former possessions of the crusaders, only Little Armenia (Cilicia) and the island of Cyprus remained for the Christians.

1124 - Capture of Tire by the Crusaders

Crusader states in the East until 1144

Second Crusade (1147 - 1149) - chronological table

1144 - The expulsion of the crusaders from Edessa by the Emir of Mosul Imadaddin. Bernard of Clairvaux's agitation in Europe for the Second Crusade.

1147 - The Second Crusade begins. The main participants are the French king Louis VII and the German emperor Konrad III Hohenstaufen. Unsuccessful battles between the Crusaders and the Seljuks in Asia Minor. Transfer of part of their army to Palestine by sea.

1148 - The joint campaign of the European and Jerusalem crusaders to Damascus ends in failure.

1149 - Return of Louis VII to Europe. End of the Second Crusade

Third Crusade (1189 - 1192) - chronological table

1187 - The defeat of the Crusaders at Hittin by the Egyptian Sultan Saladin. The capture of Jerusalem by Saladin is the reason for the Third Crusade.

1189 - The beginning of the Third Crusade. Its main participants are the German emperor Frederick Barbarossa, the French king Philip August and the English king Richard the Lionheart. The Palestinian crusaders besiege Akku (Akra), but their army at this city, in turn, is surrounded by the army of Saladin.

1190 - The defeat of the Seljuks by Frederick Barbarossa at Iconium and his death while crossing the Seleth River (June 10, 1190). End of the German crusade.

1191 - Departure east from Sicily by French and English crusaders. Conquest of Cyprus by Richard the Lionheart. The French and British join the siege of Akka and take the city (12 July 1191). Dispute between kings Richard and Philip over the candidacy of the new king of Jerusalem, which has not yet been taken (Konrad of Montferrat or Guy Lusignan). Departure of Philip Augustus from Palestine. The capture of Joppa by Richard (Jaffa, 7 September).

1192 - Two unsuccessful campaigns of Richard the Lionheart to Jerusalem. Restoring the walls of Ascalon. The assassination of Konrad of Montferrat by an assassin. Muslim attacks on Ascalon and Joppa. Truce of King Richard with Saladin: the crusaders retain the entire coast from Tire to Joppa, but they do not return Jerusalem to themselves. End of the Third Crusade.

Results of the Third Crusade. Crusader states to 1200. Map

Fourth Crusade (1202 - 1204) - chronological table

1202 - The crusader army, which was going to sail from Venice to Egypt, begins the campaign with the plundering of the Christian Zara (to pay the Venetians for crossing the sea to the East). Arrival at the crusader camp of the Byzantine prince Alexei. He asks the knights to restore on the throne his father, the former emperor Isaac II Angel, who was overthrown by his own brother Alexei III. As a reward, the prince promises to subordinate the Greek Church to the Pope, generously reward the crusader leaders and help them in the campaign against the Muslims.

1203 - Arrival of the troops of the fourth crusade to the walls of Constantinople. The main leaders of the Crusaders are Baldwin of Flanders, Boniface of Montferrat and the Venetian Doge Dandolo. Siege of the Byzantine capital by the knights. Flight of Emperor Alexei III, enthronement of Isaac II and Tsarevich Alexei. The insolence of the crusaders soon led to renewed clashes between them and the Greeks.

1204 - Patriotic coup by Alexei Murzufla (Murchufla) in Constantinople. The assassination of Tsarevich Alexei, the death of Isaac II. The capture of Constantinople by the crusaders. The proclamation of the Catholic Latin Empire in the European part of Byzantium. Choosing her as Emperor Baldwin of Flanders.

Participants of the fourth crusade at Constantinople. Miniature for the Venetian manuscript of Vilgardouin's History, c. 1330

1212 - Children's crusade. The legend that Jerusalem will be freed from the hands of Muslims by children causes religious exaltation in France and Germany. The movement is led by the boys Stefan and Nikolay. Crowds of children go from France and Germany to the seaports, but partly perish from the difficulties of the journey, partly they are captured into slavery by Mohammedan pirates.

Fifth Crusade (1217 - 1221) - chronological table

1217 - Arrival of the troops of the Crusaders in Palestine, led by King Andrew of Hungary (Andras). His unsuccessful attack on the Muslim fortifications of Mount Tabor.

1218 - The return of Andrew the Hungarian to his homeland. The crusaders who remained in the East, led by Leopold of Austria, sail to Egypt and lay siege to the Damietta fortress covering the entrance to the Nile delta.

1219 - The capture of Damietta by the crusaders (where 65 thousand of the 70 thousand inhabitants die during the siege).

1220 The Crusaders hesitate to build on their success in Egypt. Having received a respite, the Egyptian sultan builds a powerful fortified camp of Mansuru on the opposite bank of the Nile.

1221 - The crusaders of the fifth campaign try to renew their attack on the Egyptians, but they open the Nile locks and flood the location of the Christian army. The knights leave Damietta and retreat from Egypt. End of the Fifth Crusade

Crusaders assault the Fifth campaign of Damietta's tower. Painter Cornelis Claes van Wieringen, c. 1625

Sixth Crusade (1228 - 1229) - chronological table

Fifth, sixth and seventh crusades. Map

Seventh Crusade (1248 - 1254) - chronological table

Eighth Crusade (1270) - chronological table

1260 - The energetic Baybars becomes the Egyptian sultan, who after several invasions of Palestine takes away all the cities from the Christians there, except for Tripoli and Acre.

1270 Saint Louis set sail for the Eighth Crusade. Its original goal is Egypt, but Louis's brother, King of Sicily Charles of Anjou, soon, for his own benefit, persuades the crusaders to sail to Tunisia. After landing in Tunisia, a pestilence begins among the knights. Louis IX dies from him, and Charles of Anjou makes peace with the Muslims and ends the Eighth Crusade.

The Crusades, which lasted from 1096 to 1272, are an important part of the Middle Ages taught in a 6th grade history course. These were military-colonial wars in the countries of the Middle East under the religious slogans of the struggle of Christians against "infidels", that is, Muslims. It is not easy to talk about the crusades in brief, since only the most important are eight.

Reasons and reason for the crusades

Palestine, which belonged to Byzantium, was conquered by the Arabs in 637. It has become a place of pilgrimage for both Christians and Muslims. The situation changed with the arrival of the Seljuk Turks. In 1071 they interrupted the pilgrimage routes. The Byzantine emperor Alexei Komnenos appealed to the West for help in 1095. This was the reason for organizing the campaign.

The reasons that prompted people to participate in a dangerous event were:

• the desire of the Catholic Church to expand its influence in the East and increase wealth;
• the desire of monarchs and nobles to expand their territories;
• peasants' hopes for land and freedom;
• the desire of merchants to establish new trade relations with the countries of the East;
• religious upsurge.

In 1095, at the Clermont Cathedral, Pope Urban II called for the liberation of the holy lands from the yoke of the Saracens (Arabs and Seljuk Turks). Many knights immediately accepted the cross and proclaimed themselves warlike pilgrims. Later, the leaders of the campaign were determined.

Figure: 1. The appeal of Pope Urban II to the crusaders.

Participants of the crusades

In the crusades, a group of main participants can be distinguished:

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• large feudal lords;
• petty European knights;
• merchants;
• artisans-burghers;
• peasants.

The name "crusades" comes from the images of the cross sewn onto the clothes of the participants.

The first echelon of the crusaders was made up of the poor, led by the preacher Peter of Amiens. In 1096 they arrived in Constantinople and, without waiting for the knights, crossed over to Asia Minor. The consequences were dire. The poorly armed and untrained peasant militia was easily defeated by the Turks.

The beginning of the crusades

There were several Crusades aimed at Muslim countries. The first crusaders set out in the summer of 1096. In the spring of 1097, they crossed into Asia Minor and captured Nicaea, Antioch, and Edessa. In July 1099, the crusaders entered Jerusalem, staging a brutal massacre of Muslims here.

On the occupied lands, the Europeans created their own states. By the 30s. XII century. the crusaders lost several cities and territories. The king of Jerusalem turned to the Pope for help, and he called on the European monarchs for a new crusade.

Basic hikes

The table "Crusades" will help to systematize the information

Hike	Participants and organizers	Main goals and results
1 crusade (1096 - 1099)	The organizer is Pope Urban II. Knights from France, Germany, Italy	The desire of the popes to extend their power to new countries, Western feudal lords - to acquire new possessions and increase income. Liberation of Nicaea (1097), capture of Edessa (1098), capture of Jerusalem (1099). Creation of the state of Tripoli, the principality of Antioch, the county of Edessa, the Kingdom of Jerusalem
2nd crusade (1147 - 1149)	Led by Louis VII, the French and German Emperor Conrad III	Loss of Edessa by the crusaders (1144). Complete failure of the crusaders
3rd crusade (1189 - 1192)	Led by the German emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, the French king Philip II Augustus and the English king Richard I the Lionheart	The purpose of the campaign is to return Jerusalem, captured by the Muslims. have failed.
4 crusade (1202 - 1204)	The organizer is Pope Innocent III. French, Italian, Germanic feudal lords	The brutal plunder of Christian Constantinople. The collapse of the Byzantine Empire: the Greek states - the Epirus kingdom, the Nicene and Trebizond empires. The Crusaders created the Latin Empire
Child (1212)		Thousands of children died or were sold into slavery
5 crusade (1217 - 1221)	Duke of Austria Leopold VI, King of Hungary Andras II, and others	A campaign was organized to Palestine and Egypt. The offensive in Egypt and in the negotiations on Jerusalem failed due to the lack of unity in leadership.
6 crusade (1228 - 1229)	German King and Emperor of the Roman Empire Frederick II Staufen	March 18, 1229 Jerusalem as a result of the conclusion of a treaty with the Egyptian sultan, but in 1244 the city again passed to the Muslims.
7 crusade (1248 - 1254)	French King Louis IX Saint.	Hike to Egypt. The defeat of the crusaders, the capture of the king, followed by ransom and return home.
8 crusade (1270-1291)	Mongol troops	Last and unfortunate. The knights lost all possessions in the East, except for Fr. Cyprus. Ruin of the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean

Figure: 2. Crusaders.

The second campaign took place in 1147-1149. It was led by the German Emperor Konrad III Staufen and the French King Louis VII. In 1187, Sultan Saladin defeated the crusaders and captured Jerusalem, which went to the third campaign of King Philip II Augustus of France, King of Germany Frederick I Barbarossa and King of England Richard I the Lionheart.

The fourth was organized against Orthodox Byzantium. In 1204, the crusaders mercilessly plundered Constantinople, staging a massacre of Christians. In 1212, 50,000 children were sent to Palestine from France and Germany. Most of them became slaves or died. The adventure is known throughout history as the Children's Crusade.

After a report to the Pope on the fight against the heresy of the Cathars in the Languedoc region, a series of military campaigns took place from 1209 to 1229. This is the Albigensian or Qatari crusade.

The fifth (1217-1221) was the great failure of the Hungarian king Endre II. In the sixth (1228-1229) the cities of Palestine were handed over to the crusaders, but already in 1244 they finally lost Jerusalem for the second time. To save those who remained there, a seventh campaign was announced. The crusaders were defeated, and the French king Louis IX was taken prisoner, where he stayed until 1254.In 1270 he led the eighth - the last and extremely unsuccessful crusade, the stage of which from 1271 to 1272 is called the ninth.

Crusades of Russia

The ideas of the Crusades also penetrated into the territory of Russia. One of the foreign policy directions of its princes is war with unbaptized neighbors. The campaign of Vladimir Monomakh in 1111 against the Polovtsy, who often attacked Russia, was called a cross. In the XIII century, the princes fought with the Baltic tribes, the Mongols.

Consequences of hikes

The crusaders divided the conquered lands into several states:

• Kingdom of Jerusalem;
• kingdom of Antioch;
• county of Edessa;
• county of Tripoli.

In the states, the crusaders established feudal orders along the lines of Europe. To protect their possessions in the east, castles were built and spiritual and knightly orders were founded:

• hospitallers;
• the templars;
• teutons.

Figure: 3. Spiritual knightly orders.

The orders were essential in protecting the Holy Land.

What have we learned?

From the article on history, we learned the chronological framework of the campaigns, the reasons and the reason for the beginning, the main composition of their participants. We found out how the main military campaigns ended, what are their consequences. In terms of the degree of influence on the further fate of the European powers, the crusaders' campaigns can be compared with the Hundred Years War that unfolded later.

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