You will need
- - an extract completed by the therapist;
- - the conclusion of the trade union;
- - the conclusion of the labor inspector;
- - act of the commission on working conditions and the nature of work;
- - Your passport;
- - application.
Instructions
If you were often hospitalized, go to the hospital and ask the chief to issue you an extract from the history to pass the commission on registration of disability or occupational disease.
With the obtained results of examinations, analyzes and extracts, contact your local therapist again. An extract from the outpatient card will be issued for you, all the results presented by you will be entered. With this card, you must bypass all narrow specialists and put their signatures with seals in the appropriate columns and with the conclusion of doctors. If you are registered with a doctor, then this specialist must describe in detail your entire history of the disease and treatment.
Contact your local therapist again and get a referral to the medical and social expert commission or to the regional pathological professional medical institution, where the regional commission of the leading medical specialists of the region also considers all issues on occupational diseases. Sign the referral from the head physician of the polyclinic and put a stamp in the registry on the issued statement and referral.
Before contacting the commission, get the opinion of the trade union of your enterprise and the opinion of the labor safety inspector. If you do not have a trade union, the conclusion is issued by the labor safety inspector signed by the employer.
The commission will review the submitted documents and make a decision whether your illness is occupational and whether it is associated with the negative impact of special working conditions.
Sources:
- how to register an occupational disease
Tip 2: What occupational diseases exist and in what professions
There are many professions that compromise health. Most often, the harm of negative factors accumulates gradually and affects only after many years of work. Occupational diseases are ailments that arise under the influence of just such risk factors.
Classification of occupational diseases
They are classified as acute and chronic. Acute illnesses are often poisoning and occur after an abnormal leak or release of toxic substances.
Chronic ailments develop gradually and imperceptibly due to prolonged exposure to harmful conditions. All of these conditions are classified into five main groups.
Chemical factors
Toxic substances, which are technologically necessary in many industries, can enter the body with the inhaled air, contaminated water or food, through contact with the skin.
Spreading with the bloodstream, some poisons accumulate in the lungs, others - in the kidneys, others - in the liver, the fourth - in the bone marrow, etc. They can irritate organs and provoke their inflammation, have a destructive effect on the blood or the nervous system, and cause allergies or cancer.
Among the mass industrial toxins - chlorine and its compounds, derivatives of phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen, fluorine, chromium, beryllium, carbonyl metal compounds. Workers of pulp and paper mills, glass factories, nurses, disinfectants, workers producing chemical fertilizers, field growers, metallurgists and many others have to deal with them.
Dust Factors
Once on the skin, dust causes itching, redness, clogs sweat, sebaceous glands. Microcracks, rashes, pustular diseases gradually appear. Delicate mucous membranes are highly irritated by any kind of dust, and this leads to the development of conjunctivitis, blennorrhea, and lung diseases.
Pneumoconiosis affects miners, turners, millers, textile workers, workers in tobacco factories. Workers of cement and brick factories, miners, bricklayers suffer from silicosis. Siderozami - workers of gold, copper, tin mines, jewelers and engravers, glass blowers, potters and porcelain craftsmen. Beryllioses - specialists engaged in the production of fluorescent lamps, X-ray tubes, ceramics.
Physical factors
Vibration emanating from hand-held power tools, pneumatic machines, and machines is very harmful to the body. The hands and arches of the feet are most sensitive to it. Vibration disease is common among miners, drillers, drivers, and weavers.
When works associated with the systematic exposure to ultrasonic, electromagnetic, laser radiation, vegetative polyneuritis, noise sickness, leading to hearing loss develop. Because of the ionizing radiation of radioactive substances, radiation sickness can occur in metallurgists-defectologists, sailors, submariners, and radiologists. And decompression sickness - in pilots and divers.
Overvoltage factors
When the same muscle groups are systematically under load, their diseases develop: various neuritis, plexitis, bursitis, radiculitis, deforming arthrosis, etc. They often suffer from carpenters, plasterers, painters, blacksmiths, tailors, workers in the mining, engineering industry, agriculture.
People who have a lot develop a kind of neurosis: writing spasm. Teachers and lecturers who constantly strain their vocal cords have phononasthenia. And computer scientists, jewelers, watchmakers, archivists and many others have myopia.
Biological factors
Erysipeloid, an infection that affects the skin and joints, is often a problem for sellers of contaminated meat and fish, workers in meat processing plants and canneries. Agricultural workers and miners are susceptible to helminthic diseases of ankylostomiasis.
According to the Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia, the leading among them are hearing loss or loss, vibration sickness, radiculitis from overexertion and pneumoconiosis.
Sources:
- Video: Production factors: dangerous and harmful
Diseases that cause the development of diseases exist in various industries and agriculture. Such diseases are called occupational diseases. All occupational diseases for developmental reasons are divided into several groups:
Due to the influence on the body of industrial dust,
Caused by the impact of physical factors of production,
Due to the influence of biological factors.
Industrial dust settles on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and over time this leads to the development of pneumoconiosis and dust bronchitis. Occupational diseases of this group are found in workers in the metallurgical and mining industries, masons, miners, grinders.
The physical ones that cause occupational diseases include various types of radiation, high and low temperatures, intense noise, vibration of mechanisms. Vibration of mechanisms leads to the development of vibration disease, intense noise - to diseases of the hearing organ, high and low temperatures cause burns and frostbite.
Chemical factors cause acute and chronic intoxication. Poisoning with salts of heavy metals, various insectofungicides, and other inorganic and organic compounds is especially dangerous. Once in the body, even in small quantities, they participate in biochemical reactions in cells and tissues. Chemicals disrupt metabolic processes and cause structural and functional changes in the body.
Industrial toxins can enter the body through and through the skin, causing occupational and lung damage.
Occupational diseases are diagnosed based on the sanitary and hygienic characteristics of the production, the patient's professional history, the results of clinical, biochemical and functional research methods.
Professional history data are essential. In the work history, it is necessary to find out the presence of occupational hazards that contribute to the development of the disease, the duration of their effect on the patient's body, as well as the use of collective and individual protective equipment and their effectiveness.
Prevention of occupational diseases consists in carrying out technical and sanitary and hygienic measures at enterprises. Employees are given extended leave. They are provided with free medical and preventive nutrition.
In the event of temporary incapacity for work caused by occupational diseases, employees have the right to receive assistance in the amount of wages, significant discounts on the purchase of medicines. At enterprises with harmful production factors, mass and personal protection are used, maximum mechanization of production, remote control of various production processes.
An important role in reducing the incidence is played by preventive workers employed in production with harmful production factors. Medical examinations are carried out at least once a year. In pneumoconiosis, mandatory research methods are X-ray of the lungs, functional examination of external respiration, and blood analysis. With an increased risk of developing vibration disease, a cold test, vibration sensitivity, X-ray of the thoracic spine and extremities, and a general blood test are indicated.
Year of issue: 2004
Genre: Occupational pathology
Format: DjVu
Quality: Scanned pages
Description:Occupational pathology (occupational pathology) is a clinical discipline that studies questions of etiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of occupational diseases. Occupational diseases include diseases caused by exposure to unfavorable factors of the working environment. Occupational pathology is closely related to other clinical disciplines, as well as to occupational health.
Labor is one of the forms of human activity that has a beneficial effect on his health and ensures the well-being of society. At the same time, some types of work, under certain conditions, can cause occupational diseases, and this is usually facilitated by insufficient technical equipment of production and non-compliance with the necessary sanitary and hygienic standards.
By now, due to the introduction of new technology in various industries and agriculture, the adverse effect of production factors has been eliminated to some extent. This, in particular, was facilitated by the use of modern powerful mechanisms in work requiring great physical exertion; complex automation of many production processes; complete sealing of equipment at chemical plants; application of remote control and monitoring. Of great importance in improving working conditions is a special service created in our country at the Center for State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance (TsGSEN) for preventive and current sanitary supervision at industrial enterprises, transport and agricultural facilities in Russia.
INTRODUCTION TO THE CLINIC OF PROFESSIONAL DISEASES
Chapter 1. The concept of occupational diseases. Historical stages in the development of occupational pathology as a clinical discipline
1.1. Historical stages in the development of occupational pathology as a clinical discipline
1.2. Issues of medical deontology in occupational diseases
Chapter 2. Medical and labor expertise and rehabilitation issues in occupational diseases
2.1. Preliminary and periodic medical examinations
DISEASES CAUSED BY EXPOSURE TO INDUSTRIAL DUST
Chapter 1. Overview of Dust Lung Diseases
Chapter 2. Pneumoconiosis
2.1. The importance of genetic factors in the development of pneumoconiosis
2.2. Silicosis
2.3. Silicatoses
2.4. Carboconiosis
2.5. Okonioza metal
2.6. Pneumoconiosis from organic dust
2.7. Pneumoconiosis from mixed dusts
2.8. Differential diagnosis of pneumoconiosis
2.9. Treatment and prevention of occupational diseases of the respiratory system of dusty etiology
Chapter 3. Chronic dust bronchitis
Chapter 4. Exogenous allergic alveolitis
Chapter 5. Beryllium disease
Chapter 6. Occupational bronchial asthma
DISEASES CAUSED BY EXPOSURE TO PHYSICAL FACTORS OF THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 1. Vibration disease
1.1. Vibration sickness from local vibration
1.2. Vibration sickness from general vibration
Chapter 2. Effect of noise on the human body
Chapter 3. Influence of infrasound on the human body
Chapter 4. Influence of contact ultrasound on the human body
Chapter 5. Influence of electromagnetic waves on the human body
Chapter 6. Influence of laser radiation on the human body
Chapter 7. Radiation sickness
7.1. Acute radiation sickness
7.2. Chronic radiation sickness
Chapter 8. Influence of high and low temperatures of the working environment on the human body
Chapter 9. Diseases associated with changes in atmospheric pressure
9.1. Decompression sickness
9.2. Altitude (mountain) sickness
DISEASES CAUSED BY EXPOSURE TO TOXIC-CHEMICAL FACTORS OF THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 1. General information about occupational intoxication and the main types of emergency medical care in acute intoxication
Chapter 2. Intoxication with lead and its compounds
2.1. Tetraethyl lead intoxication
Chapter 3. Intoxication with aromatic hydrocarbons
3.1. Other aromatic hydrocarbons and some other compounds that inhibit hematopoiesis
Chapter 4. Intoxication by amino and nitro compounds of benzene and its homologues
Chapter 5. Intoxication with carbon monoxide
Chapter 6. Intoxication with mercury and its inorganic compounds
Chapter 7. Manganese intoxication
Chapter 8. Intoxication with carbon disulfide
Chapter 9. Intoxication with fluorine and its compounds
Chapter 10. Intoxication with phosphorus and its compounds
Chapter 11. Intoxication with irritating substances (chlorine, hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides)
Chapter 12. Intoxication with pesticides used in agricultural work
12.1. Intoxication with organochlorine compounds
12.2. Organophosphate intoxication
12.3. Intoxication with organic mercury compounds
12.4. Intoxication with arsenic compounds
12.5. Intoxication with carbamic acid derivatives (carbamates)
12.6. Intoxication with nitrophenol pesticides
12.7. Basic principles of diagnostics and medico-social expertise in case of pesticide poisoning
12.8. Prevention of occupational pesticide poisoning
DISEASES CAUSED BY OVERVOLTAGE OF INDIVIDUAL ORGANS AND SYSTEMS
Chapter 1. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system caused by work associated with functional overstrain and microtraumatization
1.1. Periarthrosis of the shoulder joint (humeroscapular periarthrosis)
1.2. Epicondylosis of the shoulder
1.3. Bursitis
1.4. Stenosing ligamentosis
1.5. Crepitant tendovaginitis of the forearm
1.6. Aseptic osteonecrosis
1.7. Focal neuroses
1.8. Occupational Muscle Disorders
Chapter 2. Occupational diseases of the peripheral nervous system
NEW FORMATIONS CAUSED BY THE EXPOSURE OF THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT DISEASES CAUSED BY THE EXPOSURE OF BIOLOGICAL FACTORS OF THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 1. Diseases from exposure to antibiotics
Chapter 2. Diseases from exposure to fungi-producers, protein-vitamin concentrate, enzymes
PROFESSIONAL DISEASES OF MEDICAL WORKERS LABORATORY AND FUNCTIONAL RESEARCH METHODS USED IN DIAGNOSING OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
Chapter 1. Laboratory research methods
1.1. Blood test
1.2. Urine examination
Chapter 2. Functional research methods
2.1. Methods for studying the functions of the external respiration system
2.1.1. Basic terms and indicators assessed during spirometry
2.2. Research methods of peripheral hemodynamics
2.3. Electromyography
2.4. Sensitive area research
Occupational diseases (diseases). Definition of basic concepts
An occupational disease is a disease caused by exposure to harmful working conditions.
Acute occupational disease is a disease that has arisen after a single (within no more than one work shift) exposure to harmful occupational factors. Occupational morbidity is understood as the number of people with a newly diagnosed disease in the current calendar year, referred to the number of employees (at a particular enterprise, industry, ministry, etc.).
Chronic occupational disease is a disease that has arisen after repeated and prolonged exposure to harmful industrial factors.
Occupational poisoning is an acute or chronic intoxication caused by a harmful chemical factor in production conditions.
Acute occupational poisoning is a disease that occurs after a single exposure to a harmful substance on a worker. Acute poisoning can occur in the event of accidents, significant violations of the technological regime, safety regulations and industrial sanitation, when the content of the harmful substance is significantly, tens and hundreds of times, higher than the maximum permissible concentration. The resulting poisoning can result in a quick recovery, be fatal, or cause subsequent permanent health problems.
Chronic poisoning is a disease that develops after systematic long-term exposure to low concentrations or doses of a harmful substance. This refers to doses that, when ingested once into the body, do not cause symptoms of poisoning.
Group occupational disease is a disease in which two or more people fell ill (suffered) at the same time.
The term "occupational diseases" has legislative and insurance meaning. The list of occupational diseases is approved by law.
As a rule, the term "occupational diseases" means the impact of harmful production factors that lead to diseases of workers or participants in production processes. Occupational diseases can be divided into two main types: acute and chronic, their main difference is the time factor. That is, an acute occupational disease means a person's condition, which was caused by a harmful factor, during the working day or shift, while the permissible exposure standards are greatly exceeded, for example, poisoning with chloride compounds or carbon monoxide. And with a chronic occupational disease, the worker's condition is exposed to certain production factors for a longer time than in the first case. It can be a vibration disease that occurs when exposed to harmful production factors for three to five years.
Among the varieties of chronic occupational diseases, two variants should be noted. These are diseases associated with occupational risks (for example, the possibility of developing lung cancer or tuberculosis with silicosis) and consequences caused by occupational diseases, such as hearing loss from constant exposure to noise.
A distinctive feature of occupational diseases can be considered the ability to develop or progress several years after the termination of work in harmful or dangerous working conditions. The most important document can be considered a list of occupational diseases, which can be used to determine the diagnosis of a disease, conduct an examination of the ability to work, develop medical recommendations in connection with the rehabilitation of an employee, and determine material damage to an employee.
The 1964 Convention of the International Labor Organization (ILO) No. 121 established the List of Occupational Diseases for the first time, which included the most traditional, generally recognized occupational diseases developing under the influence of well-known risk factors. In 1980, the 66th International Labor Conference updated this List. Currently, about 25 member countries of the ILO have ratified this Convention. The list includes generally recognized occupational diseases in accordance with ILO Convention No. 121 and a list of diseases, the occupational development of which is suspected. However, there is still no generally accepted and unified classification of occupational diseases. Each member country of the ILO establishes its own list of occupational diseases and determines measures for their prevention and social protection of victims. The main criteria for determining the occupational origin of the disease are as follows:
· The presence of a causal relationship with a specific type of impact;
· Connection with a specific work environment and profession;
· The excess of the average level of morbidity (this disease) in a certain professional group of persons in comparison with the entire population.
The classification of occupational diseases can be based on a systemic or etiological principle. The systemic principle is based on the predominant effect of occupational hazards on a particular system of the body (for example, occupational diseases with predominant damage to the respiratory system, nervous, hepatobiliary and urinary systems, skin, blood, etc.). The etiological principle is based on the effect of various groups of damaging factors - chemical, industrial aerosols, physical, associated with overstrain and physical overload of individual organs and systems, biological. Allergic diseases and neoplasms are distinguished.
The disease is recognized as occupational in the presence of harmful or dangerous production factors (noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation) and depends on the profession (miners, electric train drivers), the clinical picture of the disease, working conditions, and the duration of work in adverse working conditions. The Government of the Russian Federation by Resolution No. 789 of 16.10.2000 "On Approval of the Rules for Establishing the Degree of Loss of Occupational Disability as a Result of Occupational Accidents and Occupational Diseases" l) occupational diseases. In various cases, the degree of disability due to occupational disease or accidents at work is set as a percentage. With the help of a medical examination, it is possible to determine the degree of the employee's need for rehabilitation, the need to establish a disability.
The victim should be examined in the examination room related to the place of registration of the employee. If the patient is not able to get to the place of expert actions on his own or with the help of relatives, then the event is carried out at home or in a medical institution. A survey can be carried out on the basis of requests from the management of the enterprise, an insurance company, by a court decision, or on the basis of a request from an employee or employee representatives. In all these cases, the loss of professional ability can be determined on the basis of the submitted documentation, clinical presentation, assessment by specialists of professional capabilities, psychological qualities, and professional skills. When examining a sick employee for health after an occupational disease or an accident, experts need to answer whether the employee can continue his previous activities, whether it is necessary to reduce his qualifications, whether it is necessary to reduce the volume and severity of work, whether it is necessary to create special favorable conditions for this employee.
Introduction
3. Occupational diseases caused by exposure to chemical production factors
4. Occupational diseases caused by exposure to physical occupational factors
5. Occupational diseases caused by overstrain of individual organs and systems
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
Occupational diseases occur as a result of exposure to the body of unfavorable factors of the working environment. Clinical manifestations often do not have specific symptoms, and only information about the working conditions of the sick person makes it possible to establish the belonging of the identified pathology to the category of occupational diseases.
Only some of them are characterized by a special symptom complex due to peculiar radiological, functional, hematological and biochemical changes.
Distinguish between acute and chronic occupational diseases. Acute occupational disease occurs suddenly, after a single exposure to relatively high concentrations of chemicals in the air of the work area, as well as levels and doses of other adverse factors. Chronic occupational disease occurs as a result of prolonged systematic exposure of the body to unfavorable factors.
For the correct diagnosis of an occupational disease, it is especially important to thoroughly study the sanitary and hygienic working conditions, the patient's anamnesis, his "professional route", including all types of work performed by him from the beginning of his labor activity.
Some occupational diseases (silicosis, beryllium, asbestosis) can be detected many years after the termination of contact with occupational hazards. The reliability of the diagnosis is ensured by careful differentiation of the observed disease with diseases of non-professional etiology similar in clinical symptoms.
A certain help in confirming the diagnosis is the detection in biological media of the chemical that caused the disease, or its derivatives.
In some cases, only dynamic observation of the patient for a long time makes it possible to finally resolve the issue of the connection between the disease and the profession.
1. What is an occupational disease, classification
An occupational disease is a disease caused by exposure to harmful working conditions.
Occupational poisoning is an acute or chronic intoxication caused by a harmful chemical factor in production conditions.
Acute occupational disease is a disease that has arisen after a single (within no more than one work shift) exposure to harmful occupational factors.
Chronic occupational disease is a disease that has arisen after repeated and prolonged exposure to harmful industrial factors.
Acute occupational poisoning is a disease that occurs after a single exposure to a harmful substance on a worker. Acute poisoning can occur in the event of accidents, significant violations of the technological regime, safety regulations and industrial sanitation, when the content of the harmful substance is significantly, tens and hundreds of times, higher than the maximum permissible concentration. The resulting poisoning can result in a quick recovery, be fatal, or cause subsequent permanent health problems.
Chronic poisoning is a disease that develops after systematic long-term exposure to low concentrations or doses of a harmful substance. This refers to doses that, when ingested once into the body, do not cause symptoms of poisoning.
Occupational morbidity is the number of people with newly diagnosed disease in the current calendar year, referred to the number of workers.
Group occupational disease is a disease in which two or more people fell ill (suffered) at the same time.
The term "occupational diseases" has a legislative and insurance meaning. The list of occupational diseases is approved by law.
There is no unified classification of occupational diseases. The most accepted classification is based on the etiological principle. The following occupational diseases caused by exposure are distinguished:
industrial dust;
chemical production factors;
physical factors of production;
biological production factors;
overvoltage.
Many professional factors in modern conditions have a complex impact.
2. Occupational diseases caused by exposure to industrial dust (pneumoconiosis)
Pneumoconiosis is a dusty lung disease.
Industrial dust is called the smallest particles of solid matter formed during the production process, which, entering the air, are suspended in it for a more or less long time.
When dust of different composition enters the lungs, the lung tissue can react in different ways.
The localization of the process in the lungs depends on the physical properties of the dust. Particles of small diameter can reach the alveoli, larger particles are retained in the bronchi and nasal cavity, from where they can be removed from the lungs by mucociliary transport.
Among pneumoconiosis, anthracosis, silicosis, silicosis, metalloconiosis, carboconiosis, pneumoconiosis from mixed dust, pneumoconiosis from organic dust are distinguished.
Silicosis or chalicosis is a disease that develops as a result of prolonged inhalation of dust containing free silicon dioxide. Most of the earth's crust contains silica and its oxides.
In the lungs, silicosis manifests itself in two main forms: nodular and diffuse sclerotic (or interstitial).
With a nodular form in the lungs, a significant number of silicotic nodules and nodes are found, which are miliary and larger sclerotic areas of a round, oval or irregular shape, gray or gray-black in color. In severe silicosis, the nodules coalesce into large silicotic nodules that occupy most of the lobe or even the whole lobe. In such cases, they speak of a tumor-like form of lung silicosis. Nodularity occurs when the dust contains high free silica and is exposed to dust for a long time.
In the diffuse-sclerotic form, typical silicotic nodules in the lungs are absent or very few. This form is observed upon inhalation of industrial dust with a low content of free silica. With this form in the lungs, connective tissue grows in the alveolar. Diffuse emphysema, bronchial deformity, various forms of bronchiolitis, bronchitis develop.
Tuberculosis is often associated with silicosis. Then they talk about silicotuberculosis, in which, in addition to silicotic nodules and tuberculous changes, so-called silicotuberculosis foci are found. The right half of the heart is often hypertrophied, up to the development of a typical cor pulmonale. Patients most often die from progressive pulmonary heart failure.
3) Asbestosis
The onset of asbestosis is quite different. It happens that pulmonary manifestations occur after 1-2 years of contact with asbestos, but most often - after 10-20 years. The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis is unknown.
Asbestos fibers, despite their great length, have a small thickness, so they penetrate deeply into the alveoli in the basal parts of the lungs. Fibers are found not only in the lungs, but in the peritoneum and other organs. Fibers damage the walls of the alveoli and bronchioles, which is accompanied by minor hemorrhages.
The carcinogenicity of asbestos does not depend on its type, but on the length of the fibers. So fibers with a large size do not have carcinogenic properties, while small fibers have a pronounced carcinogenic effect. The risk of lung cancer in patients with asbestosis increases approximately 10 times, and if we are talking about smokers, then 90 times. In patients with asbestosis, cancer of the esophagus, stomach, and colon is detected twice as often. It has now been proven that asbestos potentiates the action of other carcinogens.
4) Beryllium
Beryllium dust and vapors are very dangerous and are fraught with lung damage and the development of systemic complications.
Depending on the solubility and concentration of beryllium in the inhaled air, two types of pneumoconiosis develop: acute and chronic beryllium, the latter being the most frequent.
Acute beryllium disease usually occurs when soluble acidic beryllium salts enter the body. Acute bronchopneumopathy develops. Clinically, it appears as a dry cough, shortness of breath, fever, and asthenia. as a result. Microscopically, such pneumonia has the character of "acute chemical pneumonia". Patients may die from pulmonary failure within a few weeks. In less severe cases, complete cure is observed. There are no granulomas in acute beryllium disease.