Accounting for current liabilities and settlements of the organization. Theme

28.10.2020

In the course of economic activity, enterprises and organizations have contractual relations with various legal entities and individuals in the implementation of commodity transactions, performance of work and provision of services. At the same time, settlements with debtors and creditors are reflected by each party to the contract in its financial statements in the amounts arising from the accounting records and recognized by it as correct. Moreover, any organization can act as both a debtor and a creditor.

Currently, in the context of a decrease in the level of settlement discipline, the system of "non-payments" leads to an increase in accounts receivable, including overdue. This situation makes it necessary to control the amount of accounts receivable and its movement (occurrence and repayment).

In the event that an organization buys goods, products, as well as accepts work and services from other legal entities and individuals, it has accounts payable. The structure of the organization's accounts payable includes the tax arrears to the budget, including the unified social tax, to the social insurance and security bodies and health insurance funds, as well as to other legal entities and individuals for obligations arising under current legislation or the terms of contracts.

In the balance sheet, receivables and payables are reflected by the timing of their occurrence as short-term, with

12.1. The value and objectives of accounting for accounts receivable and payable 341 with a maturity of not more than 12 months after the reporting date, and long-term, payments for which are expected more than 12 months after the reporting date. In this case, the calculation of the specified period is carried out starting from the first day of the calendar month following the month in which this asset was accepted for accounting.

The period during which accounts receivable and payable are reflected in accounting and reporting is determined by the relevant law, other legal acts or an agreement. The term is considered to be a certain period with which the civil legislation associates certain legal consequences, and its onset or expiration entails the emergence, change or termination of civil legal relations related to the rights and obligations of the parties.

Overdue debt can be recovered from the debtor in court. An organization whose rights have been violated has the right to file demands (claims) for their protection in court. However, the possibility of protecting the violated right is limited by a certain period - the statute of limitations.

In accordance with Art. 195 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the limitation period is the term for protecting the right at the claim of a person whose right has been violated. The general limitation period in accordance with Art. 196 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is three years.

The expiration of the limitation period begins from the moment the debt is overdue, which is established on the basis of the terms of the contract. If the term for the performance of obligations by the debtor by the parties is not stipulated in the contract, it is necessary to be guided by the general rules established by civil law.

According to Art. 314 "Deadline for the performance of the obligation" Ch. 22 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part one) if an obligation provides or allows you to determine the day of its performance or the period of time during which it must be performed, the obligation is subject to performance on that day or, accordingly, at any time within such a period. In cases where an obligation does not provide for a deadline for its performance and does not contain conditions allowing to determine this deadline, it must be performed within a reasonable time after the occurrence of the obligation. An obligation that has not been fulfilled within a reasonable time, as well as an obligation whose due date is determined by the moment of demand, the debtor is obliged to fulfill within seven days from the date the creditor submits a demand for its performance, unless the obligation to perform at another time follows from the law, other legal acts, conditions obligations, customs of business or the substance of the obligation.

The limitation period is applied by the court only upon the application of a party to the dispute made before the court makes a decision. The expiration of its term, before filing a claim or before a decision is made, is the basis for dismissing the claim.

For obligations with a specific performance period, the limitation period begins at the end of the performance period. For obligations, the term of performance of which is not determined or is determined by the moment of demand, the limitation period begins from the moment when the creditor has the right to present a claim for the performance of the obligation, and if the debtor is granted a grace period for the fulfillment of such a claim, the calculation of the limitation period begins at the end of the specified period ... The change of persons in the obligation does not entail a change in the limitation period and the procedure for calculating it.

The basis for writing off debts with the expired limitation period in accounting and tax accounting is the order of the head based on the results of the inventory. Based on the results of the inventory, the facts of the presence of overdue receivables and payables on the organization's balance sheet can be established.

In accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, debts for which the established limitation period has expired, as well as those debts for which, in accordance with civil law, the obligation is terminated due to the impossibility of its performance, are recognized as bad debts.

A rationally organized system of accounting for receivables and payables allows you to ensure:

timely and correct documentation of cash flow transactions and settlements;
control over correct and timely payments to the budget, banks, personnel;
control over compliance with payment forms established in contracts with buyers and suppliers;
timely reconciliation of settlements with debtors and creditors to exclude overdue debt.

1. The essence of settlement operations.

In the process of financial and economic activities, organizations have settlement relations reflecting mutual obligations associated with the receipt or sale of material assets, the performance of work or the provision of services to each other, with settlements with the budget for taxes, with banks for loans, social security and insurance authorities for deductions, as well as with other legal entities and individuals for settlements arising from the norms established by legislation or the terms of agreements on mutual services.

When the organization sells products, goods, works and services to other legal entities and individuals, including its employees, it has a receivable.

Accounts receivable are understood as debts of other organizations, employees and individuals of this organization (debts of buyers for purchased products, accountable persons for the sums of money issued to them under the report, etc.). Organizations and persons who owe this organization are called debtors.

Accounts payable is the debt of this organization to other organizations, employees and persons who are called creditors.

In the balance sheet, accounts receivable and payable are reflected by their types. Accounts receivable are mainly reflected on accounts 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors", and accounts payable - on accounts 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors".

Accounts receivable and payable are obligations that must be properly performed in accordance with their terms and requirements of the law, other legal acts, and in the absence of such conditions and requirements, in accordance with business customs or other appropriate rules. Unilateral refusal to fulfill obligations and unilateral changes in their conditions are not allowed, except in cases provided by law.

Cash liabilities must be denominated in rubles. It is allowed to evaluate them in conventional monetary units ("special drawing rights", etc.). In this case, the amount payable in rubles is determined at the rate of the currency used as of the date established by law or by agreement of the parties. In cases established by law, obligations can be measured and executed in foreign currency.

Upon expiration of the limitation period, receivables and payables are subject to write-off. The general limitation period is set at three years. For certain types of claims, the law may establish special limitation periods, reduced or longer in comparison with the general period.

The limitation period begins to be calculated at the end of the term for the performance of obligations, if it is determined, or from the moment when the creditor has the right to file a claim for the performance of the obligation.

Accounts receivable after the expiration of the limitation period are written off to reduce profit or allowance for doubtful debts.

Debt cancellation is made out by order of the head and the following accounting records:

Debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses" Credit of accounts 62, 76

Debit of account 63 "Provisions for doubtful debts" Credit of accounts 62, 76

Written off receivables are not considered canceled. It must be reflected on the off-balance sheet account 007 "Written off at a loss indebtedness of insolvent debtors" within 5 years from the date of writing off to monitor the possibility of its recovery in the event of a change in the debtor's property status.

When funds are received on previously written off receivables, the accounts for accounting for funds (50, 51, 52) are debited and account 91 "Other income and expenses" is credited. At the same time, off-balance account 007 "Written off at a loss indebtedness of insolvent debtors" is credited to the indicated amounts.

Accounts payable after the expiration of the limitation period are written off to financial results and drawn up with the following accounting entries:

Debit of accounts 60, 76 Credit of account 91.

2. Accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors

Organizations keep records of settlements with suppliers and contractors on account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", which takes into account settlements for material assets received in ownership, accepted for payment for work and services.

Account 60 is credited for the value of invoices - invoices received from suppliers and contractors, and is debited for the amount of funds received in payment of invoices - invoices or mutual settlements.

In this case, the following accounting entries are made.

A. When accepting invoices for accounting

D-t count. 08 K-t count. 60 - reflects the cost of the acquired individual objects of fixed assets and intangible assets, as well as the construction and installation work performed for the construction of objects (excluding VAT);

D-t count. 07, 10 K-t count. 60 - reflects the cost of the equipment and materials received (excluding VAT);

D-t count. 60 set count. 60 - a bill of exchange transferred to secure payment for supplies is reflected;

D-t count. 20, 23, 25, 26, etc. K-t count. 60 - reflects the cost of production work accepted for payment, transport services, materials immediately consumed in production (gas, water, electricity, etc.), as well as rented services rendered (excluding VAT);

D-t count. 76, sub. "Settlements on claims" K-t count. 60 - reflects the cost of the identified shortages of values \u200b\u200band arithmetic errors in the invoices of suppliers;

D-t count. 19 Set count. 60 - reflects the amount of VAT included in the invoice for the received values, accepted works and services.

B. On repayment of debt (performance of obligations)

D-t count. 60 set count. 51 (52) - upon receipt of funds in the bank;

D-t count. 60 set count. 62 or 90 - for commodity exchange operations;

D-t count. 60 set count. 60 - when offsetting against payment of previously issued advances (see Section 9.2.1);

D-t count. 60 set count. 66 or 67 - at the expense of borrowed funds received (bank loans and loans);

D-t count. 60 set count. 91 - accounts payable were written off after the expiration of the limitation period;

D-t count. 08, 07, 10, 19, 41 K-t count. 60 - reflects a decrease in debt by the amount of a discount provided by the supplier to the value of values \u200b\u200breceived earlier (before they were written off).

In the event that the parties to the transaction formalize their obligations with commercial bills, the accounting of the organization's settlements with suppliers and contractors is carried out in the general procedure set forth above, but with separate accounting on separate sub-accounts of account 60 of the debt secured by the bills. The amount of liabilities (credit of account 60) is increased by the bill of exchange (the income of the supplier or contractor), which refers to the increase in the value of the values \u200b\u200breceived by the organization (debit of accounts 07, 10, etc.) or the works and services accepted (debit of accounts 20, 23, etc. ).

On account 60, organizations also take into account their settlements with suppliers of material assets received at the warehouse, for which invoices have not yet been received, - the so-called non-invoiced deliveries. In this case, the material assets received at the warehouse as unbilled deliveries are reflected in accounting at contractual prices and are accounted for by types of materials and suppliers in the manner prescribed by the Instruction for maintaining accounting registers (journal-order form of accounting). If there are discrepancies in the valuation amounts of these valuables when registering and receiving invoices from suppliers, the amount of the difference increases (decreases) the value of previously accepted material values.

The organization is also obliged to keep on account 60 a record of paid, but not received at the warehouse, material assets that are in transit through which ownership was transferred to it.

In accordance with the legislation, obligations by agreement of the parties can be expressed in foreign currency or any conventional unit. In this case, the buyer of the product or product at the date of the end of settlements (receipt of funds and closing of account 60) reveals the sum difference.

Let us consider, using conventional examples, the procedure for assessing liabilities in the event of a decrease and increase in the ruble exchange rate against the foreign currency used as a conventional unit.

Features of accounting for advances issued

Accounting for advances (including prepayment) issued to suppliers and contractors is maintained by organizations for suppliers and contractors on a separate subaccount of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors".

The issued advances are reflected in the debit of account 60 and the credit of the accounts for the accounting of funds. Upon closing of advances, account 60 is credited in correspondence with the debit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" - for the respective suppliers and contractors upon fulfillment of the terms of contracts, or 51 "Settlement accounts" - in case of refund of the advance.

Accounting for Debt Transfer Transactions

In accordance with the legislation (Articles 391 - 392 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), the debtor, with the consent of the creditor, can transfer his debt to a third party, i.e. the organization can transfer, with the consent of its creditor, its obligations (accounts payable or debt on loans) recorded in accounts 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors", 66 "Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings" and 67 "Settlements on long-term credits and loans", to other persons. In this case, the transfer of debt is made in the same form as the original transaction (in writing - under a sale and purchase agreement), and is called a debt delegation. The transfer of accounts payable arising from a transaction requiring state registration also requires state registration (for example, the sale of real estate).

When organizations transfer their debt to other organizations in taxation and accounting, the general rules established for the transfer of property and funds in settlements will be adopted. In this case, the participants in this transaction make the following entries.

Debt transferor

D-t count. 60, 76, 66, 67 Set count. 76 - the transfer of debt at book value is reflected if it was made on a reimbursable basis;

D-t count. 91 Set count. 76 - reflected a discount - the excess of the amount of compensation over the cost of the debt.

At the same time, the delegation of debt to banks on loans is possible only to other banks, i.e. licensed institutions.

D-t count. 76 Set count. 51, 91 - the debt of the organization to which the debt was transferred has been repaid.

The organization accepting the debt

D-t count. 76 Set count. 60, 76, 66, 67 - the received debt is reflected at the contractual value;

D-t count. 76 Set count. 91 - the amount of the discount is reflected (as the difference between the amount of debt at the time of transfer of rights and the cost of the debt);

D-t count. 60, 76, 66, 67 Set count. 51 - the accepted debt has been repaid;

D-t count. 07, 08, 10, 51, etc. K-t count. 76 - received funds or property to pay off debt.

3. Accounting for settlements with buyers and customers

The organization keeps records of settlements with buyers and customers for shipped products, work performed and services rendered on account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers".

Account 62 on debit corresponds to:

for sales of goods, products (works, services), which are the usual types and subjects of the organization's activities - with a credit of account 90 "Sales" and is, in terms of assessing liabilities, mainly derived from the assessment of the revenue indicator from the sale of products, works and services;

for the sale of individual items of fixed assets and other assets - with a credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses".

As goods and products are shipped, works are performed, services are rendered and settlement documents are presented for payment when determining the proceeds from the sale by shipment, their contractual (sales) value is reflected in the credit of account 90 in correspondence with the debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers". At the same time, the cost of products, works, services is debited from the credit of accounts 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 43 "Finished goods", and the cost of goods - from account 41 "Goods" or 45 "Goods shipped" to the debit of account 90.

When selling goods, products (works, services) and receiving promissory notes with interest to secure their payment, the following entries are made:

D-t count. 62 set count. 90 - the sale of values \u200b\u200bis reflected;

D-t count. 51, etc. K-t count. 62 - debt paid (repaid);

D-t count. 51, etc. K-t count. 91 - the bill interest is reflected.

The result from sales is monthly debited from account 90 to account 99 "Profits and losses".

In the same order (but in correspondence with account 91) the results of operations on the sale of other assets are reflected.

On the credit of account 62 "Settlements with Buyers and Customers" in correspondence with the accounts of funds, the payment of the debt by buyers and customers is reflected. If settlements are carried out when performing a commodity exchange operation, account 62 corresponds to the debit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" (mutual offset of debts is made).

When payment is deferred (including with its registration with a bill) and an increase in accounts receivable by the amount of income (bill of exchange), the supplier or contractor makes an additional entry on the debit of account 62 and credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses".

Accounting for advances received from buyers and customers is maintained by organizations on a separate subaccount of account 62 "Settlements with Buyers and Customers" in the context of recipients and organizations that provide them. Advances received are reflected in the credit of account 62 and the debit of cash accounts. Upon fulfillment of the terms of the contracts, in accordance with which they were provided, settlements on account 62 are closed by internal turnovers.

The organization can create, in the manner established by its accounting policy, a reserve of doubtful debts for receivables - according to the organization's settlements with buyers and customers for shipped products, works and services based on the results of the inventory of receivables. The amount of the reserve is determined as of the end of the reporting year separately for each doubtful debt that has not been repaid within the time frame established by the agreement, depending on the financial condition (solvency) of the debtor and the assessment of the likelihood of repayment of the debt by him in the future (in whole or in part). At the same time, doubtful debts do not include:

unrecoverable debts, including those with an expired limitation period, which must be written off to other non-operating expenses;

debt secured by guarantee obligations.

The amount of the created reserve is reflected in accounting as used in the event of:

writing off accounts receivable for which a reserve was formed - at the time of deregistration of accounts receivable, including writing off after the expiration of the limitation period;

recognition of real liabilities receivable - on the 1st day of the month following the reporting year.

At the same time, records are made in accounting:

D-t count. 63 Set count. 62, 76 - written off accounts receivable, not collected in accordance with the established procedure;

D-t count. 63 Set count. 91 - unused amounts of the reserve were added to profit as of the date of debt write-off;

D-t count. 63 Set count. 91 - unused amounts of the reserve were added to the profit at the end of the year following the year of formation of the reserve.

4. Accounting for settlements with accountable persons

Accountable amounts are cash advances issued to employees of the organization from the cash desk for minor business expenses and for travel expenses. The procedure for issuing money against a report, the amount of advances and the terms for which they can be issued are established by the rules for conducting cash transactions.

From January 1, 2002, daily allowance payments are made in the amount of 100 rubles. for every day of being on a business trip.

Travel expenses to the place of a business trip and back and payment for renting accommodation are paid according to the actual expenses, confirmed by the relevant documents (subject to the established restrictions on the use of the relevant transport).

Organizations, in accordance with the collective agreement or local regulation of the organization, can make additional payments related to business trips in excess of the established norms. Additional payments are charged to the cost of production. However, for tax purposes, travel costs are accepted within established limits.

The reported amounts are recorded on the active synthetic account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons". The issuance of cash advances to accountable persons is reflected in the debit of account 71 and credit of account 50 "Cashier".

Expenses paid from the reported amounts are written off from the credit of account 71 to the debit of accounts 10 "Materials", 26 "General business expenses", etc., depending on the nature of the expenses. The balances of unused amounts returned to the cashier are written off from the accountable persons to the debit of account 50 "Cashier". Analytical accounting of expenses with accountable persons is kept for each advance issue.

The amounts of advances not returned by the accountable persons are written off from account 71 to the debit of account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to values". From account 94, the amounts of advances are written off to the debit of account 70 "Payments with personnel for wages" or 73 "Payments with personnel for other operations" (if they cannot be deducted from the amount of wages of employees).

Features of accounting for reporting amounts when employees travel abroad. When employees travel abroad, they are given an advance payment in the currency of the country of assignment based on the established daily allowance and room rates.

The currency received in the bank is received on account 50 "Cashier" from the credit of account 52 "Currency accounts". The currency issued for the report is debited from account 50 to the debit of account 71 and reflected in the accounting in the payment currency and its ruble equivalent at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation at the time of issue.

When returning from a business trip and submitting an advance report with supporting documents attached, the debt of accountable persons is written off from account 71 credit to the debit of account 26 "General expenses" and other accounts, depending on the type of expenses at the rate on the day of the report submission. When the exchange rate changes during the business trip, the exchange rate difference is written off to account 91 "Other income and expenses": positive - to income (debit of account 71, credit of account 91), negative - to expenses (debit of account 91, credit of account 71).

Analytical accounting for account 71 is conducted for each amount issued for the report.

5. Accounting for settlements with different debtors and creditors

To account for various settlement relations with other enterprises, organizations, individuals, they actively use - passive account 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors".

The following sub-accounts can be opened for account 76:

76-1 "Calculations for property and personal insurance";

76-2 "Claims Settlement";

76-3 "Settlements on dividends and other income due";

76-4 "Settlements on deposited amounts", etc.

On subaccount 76-1 "Calculations for property and personal insurance" reflect calculations for insurance of property and personnel of the organization, in which the organization acts as the insured.

The accrued amounts of insurance payments are reflected on the credit of account 76, subaccount 1 "Calculations for property and personal insurance", in correspondence with accounts for accounting for production costs or other sources of insurance payments (08, 23, 25, 26, 29, etc.) ...

The listed amounts of insurance payments to the policyholders are debited from the credit of accounts for accounting for funds (51, 52, 55) to the debit of account 76-1.

Losses of inventory items for insured events are written off from the credit of accounts 10, 43, etc. to the debit of account 76-1. The debit of account 76-1 reflects the amount of insurance compensation due under the insurance contract to an employee of the organization (account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations" is credited).

The amounts of insurance compensation received by the organization from insurance organizations are reflected in the debit of the accounts for accounting for monetary funds (51, 52, 55) and the credit of account 76-1. Losses from insured events that are not compensated for by insurance indemnities are written off to the debit of account 99 "Profits and losses".

Analytical accounting for account 76-1 is conducted by insurers and individual insurance contracts.

On subaccount 76-2 "Settlements on claims" reflect the calculations on claims made to suppliers, contractors, transport and other organizations, as well as on the presented and recognized (or awarded) fines, penalties and forfeits. The debit of this account is written off the damage caused to the organization through the fault of suppliers of material resources, contractors, bank institutions and other organizations from the credit of the following accounts:

60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" - for the amount of discrepancy between prices and tariffs, quality, arithmetic errors, etc. for already capitalized values;

20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production" and other cost accounting accounts - for defects and losses caused by the fault of suppliers and contractors;

Accounting for bank funds and loans (51, 52, 66, 67, etc.) - according to the amounts mistakenly debited from the accounts of the organization;

91 "Other income and expenses" - for fines, penalties, forfeits collected from suppliers, contractors, buyers, customers, consumers of services for non-compliance with contractual obligations.

The amounts of satisfied claims are debited from the credit of account 76-2 to the debit of cash accounts (51, 52, etc.). The amounts of unsatisfied claims, as a rule, are debited from the credit of account 76-2 to the debit of those accounts from which they were debited to account 76-2 (10, 20, 23, 60, etc.).

The various fines, penalties and penalties paid by the organization are written off from the credit of the accounts of accounting for funds in the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses".

On subaccount 76-3 "Calculations of dividends and other income due" take into account calculations of dividends and other income due to the organization, including profit, loss and other results under a simple partnership agreement. The income to be received is reflected in the debit of account 76-3 and the credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses". The income received is recorded on the debit of the asset accounting accounts (51, 52, etc.) and the credit of account 76-3.

On subaccount 76-4 "Settlements on deposited amounts" take into account settlements with employees of the organization for amounts not paid in due time due to the absence of recipients. The deposited amounts are reflected on the credit of account 76-4 and the debit of account 70 "Settlements with staff on remuneration". When the deposited amounts are paid, the recipient is credited with the account of funds and debit account 76-4.

Analytical accounting for account 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors" is conducted for each debtor and creditor. The balance on account 76 is determined by the turnover sheet for analytical accounts of account 76.

Accounting for settlements with various debtors and creditors within a group of interrelated organizations, about whose activities consolidated financial statements are drawn up, is kept on account 76 separately.

6. Accounting for settlements with subsidiaries and affiliates

Under the new Chart of Accounts, intragroup settlements are accounted for in the usual manner established for settlements for a group of accounts, Section VI "Settlements".

If an organization - a member of the group acts as a supplier, then other organizations of this group take into account settlements with this organization on account 60 "Accounts with suppliers and contractors". Settlements with organizations that are buyers are taken into account on account 62 "Settlements with buyers". Settlements related to the formation of the authorized capital of a group member and the distribution of income within the group are carried out on account 75 "Settlements with founders", and other intragroup settlements - on account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors".

You can open subaccounts to these accounts or use other methods to provide data on the status of settlements between group members and make the necessary adjustments when submitting consolidated financial statements.

7. Accounting for on-farm settlements

Accounting for legal entities with branches (representative offices) or other structural subdivisions can be carried out in various forms depending on the purpose of structural subdivisions, sources of financing their expenses, their management structure, territorial location and other features. The accounting procedure for the parent organization also depends on the presence or absence of a bank account with branches and a separate balance sheet.

If branches, representative offices and other separate subdivisions are allocated to a separate balance sheet, then for settlements of the head organization with separate subdivisions, account 79 "Intrafarm settlements" is used. The following sub-accounts can be opened to this account:

79-1 "Settlements for allocated property";

79-2 "Settlements on current transactions";

79-3 "Settlements under a property trust agreement", etc.

Subaccount 79-1 takes into account the state of settlements with separate divisions of the organization, allocated to independent balances, for the non-current and current assets transferred to them. The transferred property is written off from the credit of the corresponding accounts (01 "Fixed assets", 10 "Materials", etc.) to the debit of account 79-1. Accepted property of a division of the organization comes by debit of the corresponding accounts (01, 10, etc.) from the credit of account 79-1.

On subaccount 79-2, the state of all other settlements of the organization with the divisions allocated to separate balances is taken into account: for the mutual release of material assets, the sale of products, the transfer of expenses for general management activities, the payment of wages to employees of the divisions, etc.

Account 79 is active, therefore, the material assets released to the departments are written off from the organization from the credit of material accounts (10, 43, etc.) to the debit of account 79-2, and the values \u200b\u200breceived from the departments come from the debit of material accounts from the credit of account 79-2. Using sub-account 79-2, they reflect the rest of the organization's business operations with divisions allocated to separate balance sheets.

Internal settlements are not reflected in the organization's balance sheet, i.e. in the reporting of the organization, the balances on the stand-alone balance sheets are added to the balances on the corresponding accounts of the parent organization.

Analytical accounting for account 79 is carried out for each separate division of the organization.

Branches and other separate divisions reflect the property received from the parent organization on the debit of property accounts and the credit of account 79. The property returned to the head organization is written off from the credit of property accounts in the debit of account 79. Business transactions for the acquisition of property, accounting for production costs, sales of products and others are drawn up at separate divisions with ordinary accounting records.

If the separate subdivisions do not have a separate balance sheet, then to account for their operations, subaccounts are opened to accounts 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 29 "Service production and economy".

8. Accounting for settlements with personnel for other operations

The organization keeps records of settlements with personnel for all types of settlement transactions, except for payments for wages, on account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations", which, in particular, accounts for settlements with employees on loans provided to them, compensation for material damage, and also for goods sold on credit, etc.

Sub-accounts can be opened to account 73 "Settlements with personnel on other operations":

73-1 "Calculations on loans granted";

73-2 "Calculations for compensation for material damage";

73-3 "Settlements for goods sold on credit", etc.

Here is the procedure for accounting for individual transactions of the organization for settlements with its personnel:

a) D-t count. 73 Set count. 50, 51 - a loan was provided to the employee;

D-t count. 50, 51, 70 Set count. 73 - funds have been received or withheld from the employees' earnings to repay the loan;

b) D-t count. 73 Set count. 94 - the cost of the shortage of material assets for settlements with the guilty persons was written off;

D-t count. 73 Set count. 98 - the amount of the difference between the market value of shortages of material assets and their book value is reflected;

D-t count. 50, 51, 70 K-t count. 73 - employees were reimbursed for losses of material assets;

D-t count. 91 Set count. 73 - amounts of unsatisfied claims were written off (except for claims for shortages of material assets);

D-t count. 94 Set count. 73 - the shortage of material assets was written off in case of refusal to collect due to the groundlessness of the claim;

c) D-t count. 73 Set count. 76 - reflects the debt of employees for goods purchased on credit, as well as settlements with a trade organization on a loan;

D-t count. 50, 70 K-t count. 73 - debts were withheld from employees;

D-t count. 76 Set count. 51 - the debt to the trade organization has been repaid.

9. Disclosure of information about calculations in financial statements

Information on the movement of accounts receivable and payable (the balance at the beginning of the reporting year, the occurrence of obligations, their repayment and the balance at the end of the year) are given in section 2 "Accounts receivable and payable" of the appendix to the balance sheet (form No. 5).

At the same time, overdue debt is allocated from the total amounts of accounts receivable and payable, and from it - debt with a duration of more than 3 months.

The reference to Section 2 contains data on the presence and movement of bills (issued and received). In addition, the certificate contains a list of organizations - debtors and organizations - creditors with the largest debt at the end of the year, including those with a duration of more than 3 months.

The balance sheet at the beginning and end of the reporting period provides data on the total amount of long-term and short-term debt, with the allocation of debts to customers and customers, promissory notes receivable, subsidiaries and dependent companies, advances issued and other debtors.

The liabilities of the balance sheet show the total amount of accounts payable and show its types (by suppliers and contractors, by bills, etc.).

With significant amounts for items of other debtors and other creditors, data on the components of these items are given in the explanatory note to the annual report.

The disclosure of information related to the implementation of on-farm settlements as part of the explanatory note to the annual report is carried out in accordance with the rules established by PBU 12/2000.

The purpose of studying the topic.

To master the procedure for reflecting current settlements and obligations with individuals and legal entities under contracts in accounting, as well as calculations for taxes and fees.

List of questions to be studied.

1) The concept of debtors, creditors and their types.

2) Types of debt, statute of limitations and debt write-off.

3) Accounting for settlements with buyers and customers.

4) Accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors.

5) Accounting for advances issued and received (prepayment).

6) Accounting for settlements with accountable persons.

7) Accounting for settlements with personnel for other operations.

8) Settlements with various debtors and creditors.

9) Accounting for calculations of taxes and fees.

10) Accounting for social insurance and security payments.

General concepts for accounting for settlements with debtors and

Lenders

In the process of economic activity, organizations enter into economic relations with each other and perform the functions of debtors and creditors.

Debtors are organizations and persons who owe our organization. Accounts receivable are understood as debts owed to our organization.

Debtors whose obligations arose from the sale of finished products to them, or the performance of work for them, or the provision of services to them are called buyers or customers.

Debtors whose debts arose from other transactions were named other debtors.

Accounts receivable are reflected using the following accounting accounts:

1) Дт 60.2 - "Calculations on advances issued";

2) Дт 62.1 - "Settlements with buyers and customers";

3) Dt 73 - "Settlements with personnel for other operations";

4) Дт 76.5 - “Settlements with different debtors”.

Lenders are organizations and persons to whom our organization owes. Accounts payable means the debt of our organization to creditors.

Creditors who are indebted when purchasing tangible assets from them, or when they perform work or provide services, are called suppliers and contractors. Arrears in accrued wages, payments to the budget and off-budget funds are called distribution accrual. Creditors who are indebted in other transactions are called other creditors.

Accounts payable are reflected using accounting accounts:

1) Кт 60.1 - “Settlements with suppliers and contractors in rubles”;

2) Кт 62.2 - "Calculations on advances received";

3) CT 76.6 - “Settlements with different creditors”;

4) Kt 70 - "Payments with personnel on remuneration";

5) Dt 73 - “Settlements with personnel for other operations”;

6) CT 68 - "Calculations of taxes and fees";

7) CT 69 - "Calculations for pensions and social insurance."

In accounting, accounts receivable and payable are reflected in an analytical breakdown and separately by type of debt.

Accounts receivable and payable have a liquidation period established in the sale and purchase agreement (work contract), or this period is established by law.

At the end of the term, receivables and payables are subject to write-off. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation sets a limitation period of 3 years. The limitation period is calculated from the moment of the possibility of making claims or claims.

The procedure for writing off receivables and payables

Debts

Accounts receivable after the expiration of the limitation period are written off as losses. In accounting, accounts receivable written off at a loss are reflected in the debit of off-balance account 007 (see Appendix 1). Written off receivables are not considered canceled within 5 years. The organization is obliged to make attempts to recover its losses. If within a five-year period the receivables are not reimbursed, then such debt is canceled - debited from the credit of off-balance account 007.

Accounts payable after the expiry of the limitation period are credited to profit.

Accounting records for writing off receivables are presented in table. 9.1.

Table 9.1

	Correspondence of invoices	Estimation, rub.
debit	credit
1. Written off at a loss accounts receivable after the expiration of the limitation period	91.2	60.2, 62.1, 76.5	Debt amount
2. Reflected the debts of insolvent debtors written off at a loss			Debt amount
3. Received funds from debtors in repayment of debt, reflected other income		91.1
4. Reflected write-off of the amount of debt of insolvent debtors, previously written off at a loss			Amount of reimbursement of receivables
5. Written off accounts payable after the expiration of the limitation period	60.1, 62.2, 76	91.1	Debt amount

Accounting for settlements with buyers and customers

When products are shipped to the buyer, a receivable arises for the amount of the shipped products (works, services).

For settlements with buyers and customers, account 62 - "Settlements with buyers and customers" is used. Analytical accounting for account 62 - "Settlements with buyers and customers" is carried out for each buyer and customer.

Accounting records associated with settlements with customers by customers are presented in table. 9.3.

The organization has the right to create reserves of doubtful income.

In cases where the buyer does not fully settle the accounts, the receivables are written off against the created allowance.

Accounting records associated with the creation of a reserve for doubtful income and write-off of debt at the expense of this reserve are presented in table. 9.3.

In settlements with buyers and customers for long-term work, account 46 - "Completed stages of work in progress" is used.

Accounting records related to the reflection of the calculations of the completed stages for work in progress are presented in table. 9.4.

Table 9.4
Business journal
The content of the business transaction	Correspondence of invoices	Estimation, rub.
debit	credit
1. Completed 1 ... n stage of work in progress		90.1	Revenue
The end of the table. 9.4
The content of the business transaction	Correspondence of invoices	Estimation, rub.
debit	credit
2. The cost price of 1 ... n stage has been written off	90.2		Cost price
3. VAT charged on the completed stage	90.3	68.2	VAT amount
4. Received funds to the current account for the completed stage 1 ... n		62.1	Cost of the completed stage
5. Reflected the customer's debt for a completely finished work	62.1		Full cost of all stages
6. Received funds to the current account		62.1	Final settlement amount

where 1 ... n is the number of the work stage.

In the process of performing the stages of work, the buyer partially pays for each stage. Based on the results of all the work, the final calculation is performed (see Table 9.4, item 6).

Current liabilities mean the debt of other organizations, employees and individuals of this organization (debt of buyers for purchased products, accountable persons for additional income issued to them for the enterprise).

Current expenses are settlements with suppliers for fixed assets, raw materials, materials purchased from them.

According to the accounting policy, OJSC “Rostvertol” uses the following groups of receivables and payables:

1. Accounts payable, including:

* settlements with suppliers and contractors,

* settlements with personnel,

* calculations for social security and social insurance,

* settlements on advances received from buyers and customers,

* settlements for claims,

* settlements with other creditors.

2. Accounts receivable, including:

* settlements with buyers and customers,

* calculations for taxes and fees,

* settlements with state off-budget funds,

* settlements with personnel,

* settlements for claims,

* settlements with accountable persons,

* settlements with founders,

* settlements with other debtors.

In this case, all groups of receivables and payables are classified by the company as short-term.

Settlement transactions are operations carried out completely by non-cash means - non-cash receipts of funds to the current account and non-cash transfers from the current account.

Accounting for settlement transactions:

Accounting for settlements with accountable persons is kept on account 7100 "Settlements with accountable persons". This is an active-passive account, the balance of which reflects the amount owed by accountable persons to the enterprise or the amount of reimbursed cost overruns. The debit of the account records the amounts of reimbursed overruns and newly issued against the report on the basis of cash outflow orders, on credit - the amounts used according to advance reports and handed over on incoming cash orders (unused).

The accounting of transactions on the current account is made using account 51 "Current account".

Account 6000 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" keeps records of settlements on the basis of a supply agreement for goods and materials received, work and services performed, settlement documents for which are accepted and payable; calculations for which are made in the order of planned payments; settlement documents for which were not received; surplus goods and materials identified during their acceptance. Journal - order for the credit of account 671

Settlements with suppliers and contractors.

Accounting for settlements with buyers and customers is kept on account 6200.

Accounting for settlements with other debtors and creditors is carried out using account 7601.

Calculations for taxes and fees, as well as fines and fines for violation of the legislation establishing mandatory payments for taxes and fees, are recorded on account 6800 "Calculations for taxes and fees". Amounts of value added tax on acquired values, works, services are preliminarily accounted for on account 1900 "Value added tax on acquired values". The unit of accounting for calculations of taxes and fees is each tax (fee) to each budget (off-budget fund). Liabilities for penalties and fines are recognized by the date of the request of the supervisory authority to pay a penalty or a fine.

The organization does not keep records of settlements with the participation of third parties, settlements under an exchange agreement, joint activities, on commodity exchange transactions.

The organization does not carry out postings under simple partnership agreements.

The forms of non-cash payments used at the enterprise are shown in Figure 6.1.

Figure 6.1 Forms of cashless payments

A payment order is an order of the owner of the account (payer) to the bank serving him, drawn up with a settlement document, to transfer a certain amount of money to the account of the recipient of funds, opened with this or another bank. To persons who do not have an account, according to paragraph 2 of Art. 863 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the same rules apply as for account holders. Payment orders can be in paper or electronic form (for example, in the client-bank system).

A payment request is a settlement document containing a claim from a creditor (collector of funds) to a debtor (payer) to pay a certain amount of money in debt.

A check is a security containing an unconditional order of the drawer to the bank to make a payment of the amount indicated in it to the check holder.

Letter of credit - a conditional monetary obligation accepted by a bank (issuing bank) on behalf of the applicant (payer under the letter of credit).

Bank statement - the company periodically (daily or at other times established by the bank) receives from the bank an extract from the current account, i.e. a list of operations performed by him for the reporting period. The bank statement is accompanied by documents received from other enterprises and organizations, on the basis of which funds were credited or debited, as well as documents issued by the enterprise. It reflects the movement of funds in the company's current account.

To account for current liabilities and settlements at the enterprise, the primary documents presented in table 6.1 are used.

Table 6.1 List of forms of primary documents for accounting for current obligations and settlements

Accounting for settlements with buyers and customers are recorded on account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers". Typical accounting entries for account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" and account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" are presented in table 6.2

Table 6.2 Typical postings for accounts 60 and 62

Payments with intermediaries (agents, commission agents, attorneys) are not included in settlements with buyers and customers. Such settlements are recorded on the balance sheet account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors". Typical accounting entries for account 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors" are presented in table 6.3.

Table 6.3 Typical postings on account 76

Accounting for payroll calculations.

Remuneration is a system of relations related to ensuring the establishment and implementation of payments by the employer to employees for their work in accordance with laws, other regulatory legal acts, collective agreements, agreements, local regulations and labor contracts (Article 129 of the Labor Code of the F). Currently, the main act of the labor legislation of the Russian Federation governing the relations of participants in the labor process is the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

For accounting of wages at the enterprise, primary documents are used, the list of which is given in table 6.4.

Table 6.4 List of forms of primary documents

The personnel department is responsible for the registration of employees at the enterprise. Employees are assigned to work on the basis of an order. Each employee opens a personal card (Appendix 24), containing basic data about him, and is assigned a personnel number. In the personnel department, a bypass sheet is issued, on the basis of which the timekeeper opens a timesheet card, and an electronic pass card is issued at the pass office. Data is submitted to the ITC (information computing center), and a personal account is opened, which contains information about the employee, and where data on his accrued salary, deductions, and payments are entered on a monthly basis. Data is submitted to the ITC, on the basis of which the payroll is calculated for issuance, and is transferred to the accounting department. When a person is hired, for a period of time to perform a certain work, an employment contract is drawn up, an act of acceptance of work performed under an employment contract concluded for the duration of a certain job. In accordance with the staffing table, wages are calculated based on salary. Payroll is calculated in the payroll. The wage fund is presented in table 6.5.

Table 6.5 Wage fund of JSC "Rostvertol"

The enterprise has three forms of remuneration, as well as several systems of remuneration. Forms and systems of remuneration are shown in Table 6.6.

Table 6.6 Forms and systems of remuneration

In the case of a time-based bonus system, a bonus is added to the amount of earnings at the tariff, which is set as a percentage of the tariff rate or other measure. The primary documents for accounting for the work of employees with time wages are timesheets and a sheet with a list of persons working overtime and on weekends.

An example of calculating wages with time-based wages: Alexander Ivanov's salary is 20,000 rubles. There are 21 working days in April. In fact, the employee worked 18 working days (from 04/26/2013 to 04/30/2013 the employee was on vacation at his own expense). Payroll (excluding deductions) for April 2013:

Charged: (20,000 rubles: 21 working days) * 18 working days days \u003d 17142.86 rubles.

Under a direct piece-rate system, workers are paid for the number of units of products they make, based on fixed piece-rate rates established taking into account the required qualifications.

Under the piece-rate-progressive system, wages are increased for over-production.

An indirect piece-rate system is used to pay auxiliary workers. The size of their earnings is determined as a percentage of the earnings of the main workers, whose labor they serve.

An example of payroll calculation for piecework wages: In accordance with the established prices, the production of a part is set at 50 rubles per piece. In April, the main employee produced 600 pieces of parts. Payroll for April 2013 (excluding deductions):

Accrued: 600 pcs. * 50 rubles \u003d 30,000 rubles.

The salary of the auxiliary personnel is set at 80% of the salary of the main personnel, therefore, the employee serving the production will be charged: 30,000 rubles * 80% \u003d 24,000 rubles.

Payroll accounting reflects the transactions shown in table 6.7.

Table 6.7 Accounting entries for payroll

The company distinguishes two types of wages, which are reflected in Figure 6.2.

Figure: 6.2 Types of wages

The basic wage is paid to the employee for the actual hours worked, the quantity and quality of work performed. It includes, depending on the wage system, payment at piece rates or tariff rates, salaries, as well as bonuses to pieceworkers and time workers, additional payments due to deviations from normal conditions.

Additional pay is payments provided for by labor legislation for unworked time. These include: payment of annual vacations, additional vacations; payment of compensation for unused leave upon dismissal; payment of severance pay upon dismissal, as well as payments in the amount of average earnings during the period of employment; downtime payment through no fault of the employee.

An example of calculating vacation pay. Fedorov I.V. provided an annual basic paid leave for the period of work from 09 July 2011 to 08 July 2012. The vacation is provided from September 3, 2012 to September 30, 2012. For 28 calendar days.

The number of calendar days of the settlement period \u003d 29.4 * 12 \u003d 352.8 days

Average daily earnings \u003d 60,000 / 352.8 \u003d 170.07 rubles.

RUB 170.07 * 28k.d. \u003d 4,761.96 rubles - vacation pay.

5000/22 w.d. * 2 w.d. \u003d 454.54 rubles - wages for September.

Total accrued: 4761.96 + 454.54 \u003d 5216.5 rubles.

Withheld:

Income tax \u003d 678 rubles (5216.5 * 13%)

We owe the amount to be paid \u003d 4538.5 rubles (5216.5 - 678)

Postings are made:

1. Accrued vacation pay for days of vacation: Дт 2000,2300,2500,2600,4400 Кт 7000

2. Calculation of insurance premiums from the amount of vacation pay: Dt 2000,2300,2500,2600,4400 Kt 6900

3. Tax withheld from the full amount of vacation pay: CT 7000 Dt 6800

4. Issued vacation pay from the cash desk: Dt 7000 Kt5001

5. Vacation payments are charged to the prime cost as part of the fund for wages of the corresponding month Дт 97 Кт 2000,2300,2500,2600,4400.

There are a lot of business trips at the enterprise, in which employees are sent on the basis of a job assignment, the employee is issued a travel certificate. To account for funds issued to accountable persons for administrative and business expenses, an advance report is drawn up in the form No. AO-1. Business trips are issued by order.

An example of calculating benefits for temporary incapacity for work.

Karpova M.V. worked at JSC Rostvertol for a full 5 years, her insurance experience is 6 years. The total amount of wages for the past two calendar years is 700 thousand rubles. She was on sick leave for 14 days.

Average daily earnings are calculated using the formula: 700 thousand rubles / 730 calendar days \u003d 958.9 rubles.

Taking into account the fact that Karpova's insurance experience is 6 years, she is compensated for 80% of her earnings: 958.9 rubles. * 80% \u003d 767.12 rubles.

Thus, the amount of temporary disability benefit will be: 767.12 rubles * 14 days \u003d 10739.68 rubles.

When calculating temporary disability benefits, the entry is made: Dt 6901 Kt 7000

The amount of wages due to the issuance of an employee of the organization is the difference between the amounts of wages accrued on all grounds and the amount of deductions. In this case, deductions from wages are divided into:

a) mandatory deductions;

b) retentions initiated by the administration of the organization;

c) deductions at the request of employees.

Deductions are posted in the following transactions:

Dt 7000 Kt 7100 (unused advance amounts), 7300 (for admitted marriage, material damage or overpaid wages), 7600 (for charitable purposes).

When accounting for settlements with extra-budgetary funds, account 69 "Settlements for social insurance and security" is used. The debit of account 69 records the amounts transferred in payment of the accrued deductions, as well as the amounts paid from deductions for state social insurance, pensions, medical insurance.

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