The problem of the need for comfort. Meeting the psychological needs of people is an important prerequisite for overcoming religiosity

The need for comfort and safety

The need to show unconditional love

Four basic emotional needs

Daddy problems can come in many different forms. Every person has four basic emotional needs... As a child, we treated our parents like our breadwinners. From the age of three, our father became a source of satisfaction for us. The family is a place where children acquire skills in relationships with the outside world. The lessons they learn at home are lifelong learning. It will be very difficult for a person to maintain the right relationship with God and people in adulthood if these four emotional needs are not met in the child's life.

Providing a child with shelter, food and clothing is not all. It is not enough for a father to just feel love for him within himself. These feelings should be manifested in such a way that they are perceived by the child. Children are different, and each of them perceives love in its own way. For one child, this is the time to play with him in his favorite toys, for another - physical touch, hugs and kisses, or sitting on his dad's lap. A father needs to spend enough time with his children to get to know them better, to understand how parents can best express their love for them.

Every child needs a sense of physical and emotional security. The father can keep them safe by installing locks on the storeroom doors to protect them from the monsters. Children also need to be emotionally safe in their home and family and to find a safe place in their father's heart, no matter how many flaws they have. Explosions of anger and rage are frightening experiences for many children, but they happen all too often. Children need an atmosphere of unconditional love and acceptance to ensure their emotional well-being.

Even adults are pleased when people talk about them well. Children especially need to hear this from their parents. How many sons and daughters have spent their entire lives trying to win the approval of their fathers. Dr. James Dobson argues that it takes at least forty words of praise to counteract one word of criticism. Many fathers have the best intentions and therefore try to be tough with their children, preparing them for "life." But children will be much better prepared for life if their fathers instill in them a sense of high self-worth and self-worth. This will be much more useful than constant criticism.

Do modern youth think about their actions? What way of life does the society of the late 20th century prefer? In the proposed text, Ilya Aleksandrovich Maslov raises the problem of the consumer's attitude to life.

Revealing the problem, the publicist talks about adolescents who grew up in a "consumer society". He claims that children strive to get older in order to independently and arbitrarily manage their own finances: "Children want to grow up faster ... To freely dispose of money." They do not care about the way of making money: “They don’t know how to make money, they don’t think about it”.

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Such children are extremely selfish: "... are sincerely convinced that adults exist only to satisfy their needs." In conclusion, the author expresses the opinion of Russian psychologists that not only young people, but also adults are focused on consumption.

I.A. Maslov believes that modern adolescents, brought up in a consumer society, do not know how to do any things just like that. They try to find benefits in everything.

I fully share the position of the author. Modern adolescents grow up to be true "literate consumers". It should be noted that a similar attitude towards life is formed in children whose parents lead a similar way of being. Both adolescents and adults are part of society. Therefore, this problem is typical for any age.

This problem is clearly expressed in the novel by Anthony Burgess "A Clockwork Orange", in which the action takes place on behalf of the antihero Alex. He is 15 years old and is the leader of a street gang. The slogan "Take everything from life" is taken literally by Alex. This character robs, rapes and kills for his own pleasure. Without a doubt, the consumer attitude towards one person's life can negatively affect the lives of others.

The American writer Chuck Palahniuk wrote about the importance of things in his novel "Fight Club". At the beginning of the novel, the protagonist is dependent on buying things, home accessories and other fashion brands. A human consumer earns solely in order to buy things that he does not even need. His life has three main elements: work, home and television. After some time, the hero simply renounces all this and realizes that he simply does not need all these things that he has been buying for so long to exist. The consumer attitude to life is like drugs: you become addicted.

Thus, the consumer attitude to life is a scourge of modern society.

Updated: 2017-11-16

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The direction of a person's activity, his plans and desires is connected with his needs, which are designed to provide him with a comfortable existence. Of course, needs pass through the filter of a person's self-concept, his value beliefs and attitudes. nevertheless, needs are the trigger for the individual's activity. A lot of energy is stored inside a person and this energy is associated with needs. Firstly. activity will be determined by biological, so-called primary needs (search activity, safety, food, sleep, etc.). But besides these, there are social (secondary) needs, which can be both explicit and latent (latent). It is these unmanifest needs that are the source of a person's personal, interpersonal and social problems. Scientists have been trying to classify needs for a long time, and there are plenty of such classifications to understand their importance for life. One such psychologist was Henry Murray, famous for developing the TAT (Thematic Apperception Test). The purpose of the methodology was to study intrapersonal conflicts of a person associated with drives, interests and motives. Read 32 needs according to Murray and listen to yourself, analyze how these needs manifest in your life or they are not given to manifest openly and they act automatically, forcing the consciousness to surrender to their driving force.

List of needs according to G. Murray

1. Autonomy - the need for independence - the desire to free oneself or escape from any restriction, the desire to free oneself from guardianship, regime, order, regulation of hard work. Free yourself from bonds and restrictions. Resist coercion. Avoid or discontinue activities prescribed by despotic authoritarian figures. Be independent and act according to your motives. Not to be bound by anything, not to be responsible for anything. Disregard conventions. Stubbornness, non-conformism, conflict, anarchism are also generated by the need for superiority over people and social conditions to which it is necessary to obey. And besides, the striving for independence can be conditioned by material and practical interests.

2. Aggression - the need for aggression - the desire to shame, condemn, curse, humiliate, destroy the enemy by word or action. Force to overcome opposition. Fight. To avenge insults. Attack, insult, kill. Resist violence or punish. Tendency to aggression). Aggressiveness can be caused both by the need to defend one's material and practical interests (possibly even illegal), and by the same need for superiority, that is, hypertrophied ambition that responds to even the slightest, and sometimes imaginary, manifestations of someone else's superiority.

3. Affiliation (from English affiliation - connection, connection) - need for intimacy, the desire to be in the company of other people, the person's need to create warm, emotionally significant relationships with other people. Search for friendship - striving for friendship, love; goodwill, sympathy for other people, suffering in the absence of friendly relations, the desire to remove obstacles in relationships, the desire to bring people closer.Close contact and interact with loved ones (or those who are similar to the subject himself or love him). Provide pleasure and attachment to the cathectable object. Stay true in friendship. The need for social friendliness, (the desire for unification, communication).

4. Thrift - the need for frugality, conservation.

5. Attention -the need for disclosure, the need to be in the center of attention - the desire to "conquer" others, to draw attention to oneself, to surprise with one's achievements and personality traits. Make an impression. To be seen and heard. Excite, surprise, charm, entertain, shock, intrigue, amuse, seduce. The need for demonstrativeness, the desire to manifest, to show oneself. No objection, but for greater clarity: a given need is sometimes defined here as the need to be the object of attention.

6. Dominance is the need for control- the desire and ability to occupy a dominant position in the group and to exert a predominant influence on others, to dictate their will to others, the desire to control, prevent, influence, direct behavior by word, order, persuade, limit others. Control the environment. Influence or direct behaviorothers - by suggestion, seduction, persuasion. indication. Dissuade, limit, prohibit.To dominate. There are no objections, butfurther, this need will be defined as the need for superiority.

7. Achievement - the need to be first- the desire to overcome something, to surpass others, to do something better, to reach the highest level in a certain matter, to be consistent and purposeful; the desire to overcome, overcome, get ahead of others; to do something quickly and well, to achieve heights in any business. Do something difficult. Control, manipulate, organize - in relation to physical objects, people or ideas. Do this as quickly and independently as possible. Overcome obstacles and achieve high performance. Self-improvement. Compete and stay ahead of others. Exercise talents and thereby increase self-esteem. The need for success. There is no "overcoming propensity" if there is no goal in the effort. The “need for counteraction” is not contained in the process of overcoming, but in the goal of these efforts, that is, in the very same “achievement of success”. The desire for success can be motivated by both the needs of self-affirmation (the need for superiority, respect, the need to beobject of attention), and materially - practical interests.

8. Protection- the need to find a patron - expectation of advice, help, helplessness, seeking solace, advice, gentle treatment. Satisfy needs with the compassionate help of a loved one. To be someone who is taken care of, supported, cared for, protected, loved, given advice, led, forgiven, consoled. Stay close to a dedicated guardian. Always have someone who will provide support, seeking help (addiction). Need for help (desire to receive help).

9. Game - the need for play, preference for playing any serious activity, love for witticisms; sometimes combined with carelessness, irresponsibility; desire for entertainment, revelry, passion for sports. To act "for fun" - without other goals, to behave aimlessly. Laugh, joke. Look for relaxation after stress in pleasures. The desire to play. Participate in games, sports, dancing, parties, gambling.

10. Avoiding failure - the need to avoid failures, the need to avoid punishment - restraining one's own impulses in order to avoid punishment, condemnation, the need to reckon with public opinion. In avoiding shame. Avoid humiliation. Move away from difficulties or avoid situations in which humiliation, contempt, ridicule, indifference of others is possible. Refrain from acting to avoid failure, need for patience. The need for security, the desire to avoid responsibility.

11. Avoiding blame - the need to avoid accusations.

12. Training - the need for clarification, training

13. Danger - the need to avoid danger — fear, anxiety, horror, panic, excessive caution, lack of initiative, avoidance of the fight.

14. Rejection - the need to reject others, the desire to reject attempts at rapprochement; criticality, solitude, shamelessness. Get rid of the negatively catheted object. Get rid of, refuse, expel or ignore the subordinate. Neglect or trick an object. Rejection. The need for avoidance, the repulsion of an unpleasant and undesirable person). An emotional need requires not only saturation, but also comfort. Emotional discomfort is generated by a much wider range of reasons than unpleasant people alone.

15. Cognition - the need for knowledge.

16. Submission - the need for obedience- passive obedience - intrapunitivity, passive submission to force, acceptance of fate, recognition of one's own inferiority. Self-abasement. Passively obey external forces. Willingness to accept offense, accusations, criticism, punishment. Willingness to surrender. Submit to fate. To admit their own "second-rate", to admit their delusions, mistakes, defeats. Confess and atone for guilt. Blame yourself, belittle yourself, make yourself worse. Look for pain, punishment, illness, misfortune and rejoice in them. The need to demote, humiliate, the desire to be "below" someone, the need to obey. Let us attribute these points to the need for security, which manifests itself in much more diverse ways. The strange "need to obey" probably means the need to neglect their ambitions in favor of the force that ensures the safety of the individual.

17. Patron - the need to be a patron, the need to help, be a comforter, take care, provide material assistance, provide shelter. In custody.

Show compassion and help the defenseless in meeting their needs - a child or someone who is weak, exhausted, tired, inexperienced, infirm, defeated, humiliated, alone, depressed, sick, in difficulty. Help in case of danger. Feed, support, comfort, protect, patronize, heal. The universal comforter and friend of the “mourning”.

18. Understanding - the need for understanding, to be understood, accepted.

19. Order — pneed order- striving for neatness, ordering, accuracy, beauty. Put everything in order. Strive for cleanliness, organization, balance, neatness, orderliness. The scientist strives for consistency, because he knows that the truth has a harmonious form. The craftsman avoids the mess because the order is much more practical. For a housewife, order is a matter of pride. For a bachelor, this is a painful necessity. For a pedant, the desire for order can take on painful and meaningless forms. For an esthete, order is a matter of aesthetic pleasure. For a technician, a condition that ensures the safety of work. For a commander, order is a requirement of the charter. 20.

20. Recognition - the need for recognition.

21 . Acquisition - the need for acquisition. The desire to acquire, collect, collect. Have.

22. Counteraction - need overcoming defeat, failure - differs from the need to achieve an emphasis on independence in action. The main features are willpower, perseverance, fearlessness. In struggle, master the situation or compensate for failure. By repeated actions, get rid of humiliation. Overcome weakness, suppress fear. To wash away the shame with action. Look for obstacles and difficulties. Respect yourself and be proud of yourself. The tendency to overcome defeats, failures.

23. Risk - the need to avoid risk.

24. Self-preservation- the need for self-defense - difficulties with admitting their own mistakes, the desire to justify themselves by referring to circumstances, to defend their rights; refusal to analyze their mistakes; the need to avoid danger, excessive caution, lack of initiative, evasion from the fight. In defense. Defend against attacks, criticism, accusations. Hush up or justify mistakes, failures, humiliation. Defend ya. Harm avoidance. The tendency to defend, make excuses. Self-defense as self-justification is also conditioned by both the need for superiority (one's righteousness) and the protection of one's material and practical interests.

25. Sex- the sexual need to create and develop erotic relationships. Have sex with someone of the opposite sex. Erotic, sexual attraction.

26 . Creation - the need to create

27. Status - the need for status, desire to work under the guidance of a stronger, smarter, more talented person, strives to become someone's follower. Admire and support your superiors. Praise, honor, exalt. Readily succumb to the influence of others. Have an example to follow. Obey custom. The need to respect, admire, the desire to recognize the superiority of others. Desire for patronage over oneself, in assistance from the patron.

28. Judgment - the need for judgment,the desire to pose general questions or to answer them, a tendency to abstract formulas, a passion for generalizations, a passion for eternal questions about the meaning of life, good and evil, etc. To be interested in theory. Reflect, formulate, analyze, generalize. Striving for comprehension and inner analysis. The need for understanding (intellectual orientation, the desire to understand). But after all, no one will understand what he is completely uninteresting. The "need for understanding" is driven either by an emotional need, which derives pleasure from the play of the mind in the discovery of the unknown, or by material and practical interests for which awareness is very useful.

29. Respect -needinrespect and support - sociality (sociophilia) - oblivion of the group's own interests in the name of the group's interests, altruistic orientation, nobility, compliance, concern for others. The need to care, the desire to help. Let us classify these points as manifestations of empathic need.

30. Damage - the need to avoid harm, damage, protection from physical harm. In avoiding pain, injury, disease, death. Avoid dangerous situations. Take preventive measures.

31. Sensuality - the need for sensory impressions. ANDcreate sensory impressions and enjoy them. The need to feel, the desire to feel.

32. Selfishness (narcissism)- the desire to put their own interests above all, complacency, autoeroticism, painful sensitivity to humiliation, shyness; the tendency towards subjectivity in the perception of the external world often merges with the need for aggression or rejection.

Ivan Kotva, psychologist

Answer from Nariman Memetov [newbie]
Centuries and eras have passed. The word "economy" acquired different content, but its essence remained the same, only the scope of this concept changed. Now, speaking about the economy, we mean not so much the domestic as the social, national and world economy. The economy is an economic system that meets the needs of people and society by creating and using the necessary benefits of life. Economics is the science of the economy, the methods of its conduct and management, relations between people in the process of production and exchange of goods, the laws of the course of economic processes. Production processes have become incomparably more complex - one of the possible types of activities of an organization or an individual, aimed at creating a final product or service; improved mediation systems - this is the provision of services to two or more parties by an entity (entities), while the entity (entities) performs the role of a third party, and trade is the process of exchanging goods, services, values \u200b\u200band money. One thing has not changed - in the center of everything that happens, there are specific people with their needs, who are the engines of the development of civilizations. Need is an internal state of a psychological or functional feeling of inadequacy of something and is manifested depending on situational factors. It was precisely the needs that at all times forced people to overcome huge distances in search of new lands and sales markets, to develop uncharted territories. It is precisely the needs that have been and remain the main stimulus for the development of science, technology and production, thereby contributing to the flourishing of culture and education and an increase in the standard of living. Each of us strives to live as best we can. However, this is not so easy to do. For a long time, people have solved this problem in different ways. The needs of society in connection with the increase in the population, the acceleration of the scientific and technical process, the deepening of cultural ties and exchanges are constantly growing and becoming practically limitless. On the contrary, economic opportunities - those real resources that society can direct to meet needs, are always, at any given moment, limited. Scarcity of resources is an economic concept that expresses the finiteness, rarity, scarcity of resources available to man and humanity at any given moment, their relative insufficiency in comparison with the boundless human needs for the satisfaction of which these resources are used. Society is constantly faced with the need to resolve this contradiction and the problem of economic choice. It is this problem that economics is trying to solve - the science of choice. There is a direct relationship between the state of the economy and the standard of living of the population. The standard of living is characterized by: Consumption per capita; Real income of the population; Housing provision; Social Security. The standard of living is the level of well-being of the population, the degree of satisfaction of the basic vital needs of people. In order for the standard of living to rise, constant economic growth is necessary (an increase in real output, improvement of technical, economic and social characteristics). Economic growth indicators are gross national product (GNP), gross domestic product (GDP), national income (NI). Gross National Product (GNP) -Grossing economic indicator, defined as the sum of market prices of all final goods and services, created by producers of a given country during the year, both domestically and abroad. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - A generalized economic indicator, defined as the sum of market prices of all final goods and services, created by the producers of a given country during the year within the country. All this once again proves the correctness of the phrase of the American writer L. Peter, which sounded like this: "The economy is the art of satisfying unlimited needs with the help of limited resources."

Answer from For the Motherland![guru]
But there are none! And there never was!
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Answer from 3 answers[guru]

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Human needs as a source of his activity

Snezhana Ivanova

The very needs of a person are the basis for the formation of a motive, which in psychology is considered as the "engine" of the personality ...

Man, like any living creature, is programmed by nature for survival, and for this he needs certain conditions and means. If at some point of its existence these conditions and means are absent, then a state of need arises, which causes the appearance of the selectivity of the response of the human body. This selectivity ensures the emergence of a response to stimuli (or factors), which at the moment are the most important for normal life, the preservation of life and further development. The experience of the subject of such a state of need in psychology is called need.

So, the manifestation of a person's activity, and, accordingly, his life activity and purposeful activity, directly depends on the presence of a certain need (or need) that requires satisfaction. But only a certain system of human needs will determine the purposefulness of his activities, as well as contribute to the development of his personality. The very needs of a person are the basis for the formation of a motive, which in psychology is considered as a kind of "engine" of the personality. and human activity directly depends on organic and cultural needs, and they, in turn, generate, which directs the attention of the individual and its activity to various objects and objects of the surrounding world with the aim of their cognition and subsequent mastery.

Human needs: definition and characteristics

Needs, which are the main source of personality activity, are understood as a special internal (subjective) feeling of a person's need, which determines his dependence on certain conditions and means of subsistence. The very same activity aimed at satisfying human needs and regulated by a conscious goal is called activity. The sources of personality activity as an internal motivating force aimed at meeting various needs are:

• organic and material needs (food, clothing, protection, etc.);
• spiritual and cultural (cognitive, aesthetic, social).

Human needs are reflected in the most persistent and vital dependencies of the organism and the environment, and the system of human needs is formed under the influence of the following factors: social living conditions of people, the level of development of production and scientific and technological progress. In psychology, needs are studied in three aspects: as an object, as a state and as a property (a more detailed description of these values \u200b\u200bis presented in the table).

The importance of needs in psychology

In psychology, the problem of needs has been considered by many scientists, therefore, today there are many different theories that understood needs as need, and the state, and the process of satisfaction. For example, K. K. Platonov saw the needs in the first place a need (more precisely, a mental phenomenon of reflection of the needs of an organism or personality), and D. A. Leontiev considered needs through the prism of activities in which it finds its realization (satisfaction). Famous psychologist of the last century Kurt Levin understood by needs primarily a dynamic state that arises in a person at the moment he performs some action or intention.

Analysis of various approaches and theories in the study of this problem allows us to say that in psychology the need was considered in the following aspects:

• as a need (L.I.Bozhovich, V.I.Kovalev, S.L. Rubinstein);
• as a subject of satisfaction of needs (A. N. Leontiev);
• as a necessity (B.I.Dodonov, V.A.Vasilenko);
• as the absence of good (V.S.Magun);
• as an attitude (D.A. Leontiev, M.S. Kagan);
• as a violation of stability (D.A. McClelland, V.L. Ossovsky);
• as a state (K. Levin);
• as a systemic reaction of personality (E.P. Ilyin).

Human needs in psychology are understood as dynamically active states of the personality, which form the basis of its motivational sphere. And since in the process of a person's activity, not only the development of the personality occurs, but also changes in the environment, needs play the role of a driving force of its development and here their subject content is of particular importance, namely the volume of material and spiritual culture of mankind, which affects the formation of needs person and their satisfaction.

In order to understand the essence of needs as a motor force, it is necessary to take into account a number of important points highlighted E.P. Ilyin... They are as follows:

• the needs of the human body must be separated from the needs of the individual (in this case, the need, that is, the need of the body, can be unconscious or conscious, but the need of the individual is always conscious);
• need is always associated with need, by which it is necessary to understand not a deficit in something, but desire or need;
• it is impossible to exclude the state of need from personal needs, which is a signal for choosing a means of satisfying needs;
• the emergence of a need is a mechanism that includes human activity aimed at finding a goal and achieving it as the need to satisfy an arisen need.

The needs are passive-active in nature, that is, on the one hand, they are due to the biological nature of a person and the deficiency of certain conditions, as well as the means of his existence, and on the other, they determine the subject's activity to overcome the deficiency that has arisen. An essential aspect of human needs is their social and personal character, which is manifested in motives, motivation and, accordingly, in the entire orientation of the personality. Regardless of the type of need and its focus, they all have the following features:

• have their own subject and are awareness of need;
• the content of needs depends primarily on the conditions and methods of their satisfaction;
• they are able to reproduce.

In the needs that shape the behavior and activity of a person, as well as in the motives, interests, aspirations, desires, drives and value orientations from them, the basis of the behavior of the individual lies.

Types of human needs

Any human need initially represents the organic interweaving of biological, physiological and psychological processes, which determines the presence of many types of needs, which are characterized by strength, frequency of occurrence and ways of meeting them.

Most often in psychology, the following types of human needs are distinguished:

• depending on the origin are isolated natural (or organic) and cultural needs;
• by orientation are distinguished material needs and spiritual;
• depending on which area they belong to (areas of activity), highlight the needs for communication, work, rest and knowledge (or educational needs);
• according to the object of need can be biological, material and spiritual (they also distinguish social needs of a person);
• by their origin, needs can be endogenous (waters arise by the influence of internal factors) and exogenous (caused by external stimuli).

The psychological literature also contains basic, fundamental (or primary) and secondary needs.

The greatest attention in psychology is paid to three main types of needs - material, spiritual and social (or public needs), which are described in the table below.

Basic types of human needs

Material needs of a person are primary, since they are the basis of his life. Indeed, in order for a person to live, he needs food, clothing and housing, and these needs were formed in the process of phylogenesis. Spiritual needs (or ideal) are purely human, as they primarily reflect the level of personality development. These include aesthetic, ethical and cognitive needs.

It should be noted that both organic and spiritual needs are characterized by dynamism and interact with each other, therefore, for the formation and development of spiritual needs, it is necessary to satisfy material needs (for example, if a person does not satisfy the need for food, then he will experience fatigue, lethargy, apathy and drowsiness, which cannot contribute to the emergence of a cognitive need).

Separately should be considered public needs (or social), which are formed and developed under the influence of society and are a reflection of the social nature of man. The satisfaction of this need is absolutely necessary for every person as a social being and, accordingly, as a person.

Classifications of needs

Since the moment psychology became a separate branch of knowledge, many scientists have made a large number of attempts to classify needs. All these classifications are very diverse and generally reflect only one side of the problem. That is why, to date, a unified system of human needs that would meet all the requirements and interests of researchers of various psychological schools and directions has not yet been presented to the scientific community.

• natural human desires and necessary (it is impossible to live without them);
• natural desires, but not necessary (if there is no possibility of their satisfaction, then this will not lead to the inevitable death of a person);
• desires that are neither necessary nor natural (for example, the desire for fame).

Author of information P.V. Simonov needs were divided into biological, social and ideal, which in turn can be needs (or preservation) and growth (or development) needs. Social needs of a person and ideal according to P. Simonov are divided into needs "for oneself" and "for others."

The classification of needs proposed by Erich Fromm... The famous psychoanalyst identified the following specific social needs of a person:

• a person's need for connections (belonging to a group);
• the need for self-affirmation (a sense of significance);
• the need for affection (the need for warm and responsive feelings);
• the need for self-awareness (own individuality);
• the need for a system of orientation and objects of worship (belonging to a culture, nation, class, religion, etc.).

But the most popular among all existing classifications is the unique system of human needs of the American psychologist Abraham Maslow (better known as the hierarchy of needs or the pyramid of needs). The representative of the humanistic direction in psychology based his classification on the principle of grouping needs by similarity in a hierarchical sequence - from lower needs to higher ones. A. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is presented in the form of a table for ease of perception.

Hierarchy of needs according to A. Maslow

By offering your classification of needs, A. Maslow clarified that a person cannot have higher needs (cognitive, aesthetic and the need for self-development) if he has not satisfied basic (organic) needs.

Formation of human needs

The development of human needs can be analyzed in the context of the socio-historical development of mankind and from the standpoint of ontogenesis. But it should be noted that both in the first and in the second case material needs will be the initial ones. This is due to the fact that they are the main source of activity of any individual, pushing him to maximum interaction with the environment (both natural and social)

On the basis of material needs, the spiritual needs of a person developed and transformed, for example, the need for knowledge was based on meeting the needs for food, clothing and housing. As for aesthetic needs, they were also formed due to the development and improvement of the production process and various means of life, which were necessary to provide more comfortable conditions for human life. Thus, the formation of human needs was determined by socio-historical development, during which all human needs developed and differentiated.

As for the development of needs during a person's life path (that is, in ontogenesis), then everything here also begins with the satisfaction of natural (organic) needs, which ensure the establishment of relationships between the child and adults. In the process of satisfying basic needs in children, needs for communication and cognition are formed, on the basis of which other social needs appear. An important influence on the development and formation of needs in childhood is exerted by the upbringing process, thanks to which the correction and replacement of destructive needs is carried out.

Development and formation of human needs according to A.G. Kovalev must obey the following rules:

• needs arise and are strengthened through the practice and systematic consumption (that is, the formation of the type of habit);
• development of needs is possible in conditions of expanded reproduction in the presence of various means and methods of its satisfaction (the emergence of needs in the process of activity);
• the formation of needs is more comfortable if the activities necessary for this do not exhaust the child (ease, simplicity and a positive emotional attitude);
• the development of needs is significantly influenced by the transition from reproductive activity to creative;
• the need will be strengthened if the child sees its significance, both personally and socially (assessment and encouragement).

In solving the issue of the formation of human needs, it is necessary to return to the hierarchy of needs of A. Maslow, who argued that all human needs are assigned to him in a hierarchical organization at certain levels. Thus, from the moment of his birth in the process of his growing up and personality development, each person will consistently manifest seven classes (of course, this is ideally) of needs, ranging from the most primitive (physiological) needs and ending with the need for self-actualization (striving for maximum realization personality of all its potencies, the fullest life), and some aspects of this need begin to manifest themselves not earlier than adolescence.

According to A. Maslow, a person's life at a higher level of needs provides him with the greatest biological efficiency and, accordingly, a longer life, better health, better sleep and appetite. In this way, purpose of satisfying needs basic - the desire for the emergence of a person's higher needs (in knowledge, in self-development and self-actualization).

The main ways and means of meeting needs

Satisfying a person's needs is an important condition not only for his comfortable existence, but also for his survival, because if organic needs are not met, a person will die in the biological sense, and if spiritual needs are not met, then a person as a social entity dies. People, satisfying different needs, learn in different ways and learn a variety of means to achieve this goal. Therefore, depending on the environment, conditions and the personality itself, the goal of satisfying needs and the ways to achieve it will differ.

In psychology, the most popular ways and means of satisfying needs are:

• in the mechanism of the formation of individual ways for a person to satisfy his needs (in the process of learning, the formation of various connections between stimuli and the subsequent analogy);
• in the process of individualization of methods and means of meeting basic needsthat act as mechanisms for the development and formation of new needs (the very ways of satisfying needs can turn into themselves, that is, new needs appear);
• in concretizing the ways and means of meeting needs (there is a consolidation of one method or several, with the help of which the satisfaction of human needs occurs);
• in the process of mentalizing needs (awareness of the content or some aspects of the need);
• in the socialization of ways and means of meeting needs (there is their subordination to the values \u200b\u200bof culture and norms of society).

So, at the heart of any activity and activity of a person is always some need, which finds its manifestation in motives, and it is precisely needs that are the driving force that pushes a person to movement and development.