Change of statistics
MISH'YAK- Chemical element of the V group of the Periodic Table, to be brought to the nitrogen family. Vidnosna atomic vaga 74.9216. Nature has more than one stable nuclide 75 As. Also, over ten 100 radioactive isotopes were taken piece by piece with a period of decay from a few days to a few months. The typical oxidation level for plants is –3, +3, +5. The name of the Russian bear is tied from the vzhivnannyam of yoga spoluk for the blame of bears and schurov; the Latin name Arsenicum resembles the Greek "Arsen" - strong, strong.
Historical reports.
Mish'yak is included up to five "alchemy" elements, found in the Middle Ages (surprisingly, a few of them - As, Sb, Bi and P are in the same group of the periodic table - five). At that very hour, the half-hours of the mish'yaku were seen from the old hours, they were stopped for farb and lykiv. Especially tsіkavo vikoristannya mish'yaku in metallurgy.
A sprat of a thousand years to that stone of the century changed to bronze. Bronze - ce metal midi with tin. As historians vvazhayut, first bronze was seen in the valley of the Tigris and the Euphrates, here between 30 and 25 st. BC In some regions, bronze was melted with especially valuable powers - it was shorter and easier to forge. Yak z'yasuvali suchasnі vchenі, tse buv alloy midi, scho vengeance vіd 1 to 7% mish'yak and trohi more than 3% tin. Imovirno, on the cob, when yogi melting, they entangled the rich honey ore malachite with the products of vitreating the green sulfide honey-mish'yakov minerals. Assessing the miraculous power of the alloy, the old minds sweated specially mish'yakov's minerals. For a joke, the authorities won the power of such minerals to give a specific watch smell when heated. However, through the years the mish'yakov's bronze melted down. It became better for everything through parts of the destruction with the evaporation of mischievous minerals.
Zvichayno, the bear is familiar from the distant past, it looks like more minerals. So, in ancient China, the hard mineral realgar (sulfide warehouse As 4 S 4, realgar in Arabic means “mine saw”) was vicorated for cutting on stone, prote when heated, or on light wines “psuvavsya”, shards turned into As 2 S 3. At 4 st. BC Aristotle described this mineral under the name "Sandarak". At I st. not. the Roman writer and teachings of Pliny the Elder and the Roman physician and botanist Dioscorides described the mineral orpiment (mish'yaku sulfide As 2 S 3). In translation from Latin, the name of the mineral means gold farb: vikoristovuvavsya like a yellow barn. At 11 st. Alchemists distinguished three “different types” of mish'yak: so-called white mish'yak (oxide As 2 O 3), yellow mish'yak (As 2 S 3 sulfide) and red mish'yak (As 4 S 4 sulfide). A white bear came out during the sublimation of the house of a bear with a boiled copper ores, to avenge this element. Condensing from the gaseous phase, the misch'yaku oxide has settled in a white sludge. The white bear was victorious from long ago for the stature of shkіdniks, as well as...
At 13 st. Albert von Bolshtedt (Albert the Great) having cut off the metal-like speech, heating the yellow bear from the sweet; It is possible, tse bov the first sign of the mischief in looking at a simple speech, otrimaniy piece. Alecia speech broke the mystical "link" of the seven metals from the planets; Perhaps, the alchemists respected the mish'yak as "illegal metal". At the same time, the stench showed yoga the power to give midi a white color, which gave a reason to call yoga “because of Venus (tobto mid)”.
Mish'yak buv was uniquely identified as an individual speech in the middle of the 17th century, if the German pharmacist Johann Schroeder took yoga in a similarly clean-looking oxide to the villages of the Vugills. The famous French chemist and doctor Nicolas Lemery took off the mish'yak, heating the sum of yoga oxide with sweet potash. At 18 Art. Mish'yak already buv good vіdomy like an unseen "singing metal". In 1775, the Swedish chemist K.V. At 19 Art. bouli vіdkrіtі organіchnі spoluky, scho vengeance mish'yak.
Mish'yak in nature.
The earth's bark has a small amount - about 5 10 -4% (tobto 5 r ton), about stilts, siklki germany, tin, molybdenum, tungsten and bromine. It is not uncommon for minerals to streak with gold, meddu, cobalt, and nickel at the same time.
The warehouse of minerals, which are utvoryuyuyutsya mish'yak (and їх vіdomo close to 200), vіdobrazhaє "smells of metal" the power of the element, which can change like a positive one, and in the negative stage of oxidation and combine with rich elements; in the first type, mish'yak can play the role of metal (for example, in sulfides), in the other - non-metal (for example, in arsenides). Warehouse low minerals mish'yaku in order to improve the yogo building, from one side, often replace atoms of sirka and antimony in a crystal solution s іnshoy - Atoms of metal. The first type of atom and mish'yaku has a more negative degree of oxidation, while the other has a positive one.
The electronegativity of mish'yaku (2.0) is small, aloe is higher, lower in antimony (1.9) and in more metals, so the degree of oxidation -3 is more likely for mish'yaku in metal arsenides, as well as in stibarsen SbAs and sprouts of this mineral with crystals of pure antimony or mish'yaku (aluminum mineral). Bagato spoluk mish'yaku with metals, judging by their warehouse, should be put sooner to intermetal spoluks, and not to arsenides; the deacons of them are resurrected by a change instead of a mish'yaku. In arsenides, there can be an hourly sprinkling of metals, the atoms of which, at a close radius of ions, replace one another in a crystal solution in sufficient proportions; at the same time, in the formula of the mineral, the symbols of the elements are overwhelmed through a coma. All arsenides have a metallic glare, opaque, important minerals, their hardness is small.
The butt of natural arsenides (six times close to 25) can be the minerals lelingit FeAs 2 (analogous to pyrite FeS 2), skutterudite CoAs 2–3 and nickelskutterudite NiAs 2–3, nickelin (chervonium nickel coledane) NiAs, safflorite (speiss) clinosafflorite (Co,Fe,Ni)As 2, langisite (Co,Ni)As, sperilite PtAs 2, maucherite Ni 11 As 8, oregonite Ni 2 FeAs 2 geologists refer to the group of "superficial" minerals.
The largest expansion of the mineral mish'yaku - arsenopyrite (mish'yakov pyrite) FeAsS can be seen as a product of substitution of sirka in FeS 2 pyrite with mish'yaku atoms (several pyrite has trochs of mish'yaku). Such slabs are called sulfosalts. Similarly, the minerals cobaltine (cobalt gleam) CoAsS, glaucodot (Co,Fe)AsS, gersdorffite (nickel gleam) NiAsS, enargite and lusonite of the same warehouse, ale of various budov Cu 3 AsS 4, and the simplest Ag 3 -chervony color, it often flashes at the upper balls of silver veins, where wonderfully great crystals of this mineral were found. Sulfosalts can avenge noble metals of the platinum group; ce minerals osarsite (Os, Ru) AsS, roarsite RuAsS, iparsite (Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt) AsS, platarsite (Pt, Rh, Ru) AsS, hollingworthite (Rd, Pt, Pd) AsS. The role of sirka atoms in such subvariant arsenides is played by the atoms of surmi, for example, in seineium (Fe,Ni)(Sb,As) 2 , arsenopalladin Pd 8 (As,Sb) 3 , arsenpolybasite (Ag,Cu) 16 (Ar,S 2 S 11 .
Tsіkava budova minerals, in some mish'yak present at the same time from sirkoy, ale plays a role of metal, grouping together with other metals. Such minerals are arsenosulvanite Cu 3 (As,V)S 4 , arsenogauchecornite Ni 9 BiAsS 8 , freibergite (Ag,Cu,Fe) 12 (Sb,As) 4 S 13 , tennantite (Cu,Fe) 13 As 4 (Ag,Cu ) 10 (Zn,Fe) 2 (As,Sb) 4 S 13, goldfield Cu 12 (Te,Sb,As) 4 S 13, girodite (Cu,Zn,Ag) 12 (As,Sb) 4 (Se, S ) 13 . It is possible to reveal, as if more folded, the budova can crystallize all of these minerals.
Unambiguously positive stage of oxidation of the bear may be in natural sulfides - yellow orpiment As 2 S 3 , orange-yellow dimorph As 4 S 3 , orange-red realgar As 4 S 4 , carmine-red getchelite AsSbS 3 , 3 arsenolite and claudetite with a different crystalline structure (the stench is obtained as a result of vitrifying other bearish minerals). Zvichay tsі minerals zastrechayutsya like small blotches. Ale at 30 roki 20 st. near the middle part of the Verkhoyansk Ridge, there were known majestic crystals of orpiment with a size of up to 60 cm and a weight of up to 30 kg.
In natural salts of mish'yakovo acid H 3 AsO 4 - arsenates (six is approximately 90), the degree of oxidation of mish'yak is +5; the butt can be a bright-erysipelas erythrin (cobalt color) Co 3 (AsO 4) 2 8H 2 O, green annabergite Ni 3 (AsO 4) 2 8H 2 O, fertilize Fe III AsO 4 2H 2 O and simplesite Fe II 3 (AsO 4) 2 8H 2 O, brown-black gasparite (Ce, La, Nd) ArO 4, barrelless gernesite Mg 3 (AsO 4) 2 8H 2 O, rooseveltite BiAsO 4 and kettigite Zn 3 (AsO 4) 2 8H 2 O, as well as bezlich basic salts, for example, olivenite Cu 2 AsO 4 (OH), arsenobism Bi 2 (AsO 4) (OH) 3. And the axis of natural arsenity - similar misic acid H 3 AsO 3 is rather rare.
In central Sweden, there are famous langban bay-manganese cavities, in which it was known that over 50 different minerals were described, which are arsenates. The deyakі їх nowhere more zustrіchayutsya. The stench disappeared after the reaction of mystic acid H 3 AsO 4 with pirokoytom Mn (OH) 2 at not too high temperatures. Zzvichay arsenate - a product of the oxidation of sulfide ores. The stench, as a rule, does not suffer from industrial zastosuvannya, and even deyak from them, even the garnet embellishes the mineralogical collections.
The names of numerical minerals in Mish'yaku can be used with toponyms (Lelling in Austria, Freiberg near Saxony, Seinyajoki near Finland, Skutterud near Norway, Allemon in France, the Canadian mine Langis and the Getchell mine near Nevada, Oregon in the USA) etc. too many politicians. (German chemist Karl Rammelsberg, Munich mineral trader William Maucher, mine manager Johann von Gersdorff, French chemist F. Claudet, English chemist John Proust and Smithson Tennant, Canadian chemist F.L. Sper, etc.) look like saffron), pochatkovi letters of the names of the elements - mish'yaku, osmiya, ruthenium, iridium, palladium, platinum, root walnut ("erythros" - chervoniy, "enargon" - visible, "lithos" - stone) and etc. . etc.
Tsikavo old-timey named the mineral nickeline (NiAs) - kupfernickel. The middle Germans called Nickel the evil spirit of the Greeks, and "kupfernickel" (Kupfernickel, Kupfer - mid) - "devil's mid", "false mid". The copper-red crystals of the rich ore were thrown over for the copper ore; її zastosovuvali at the warehouse for farbuvannya warehouse near the greens kolіr. And the axis of the middle from it did not go into anyone's mind. Qiu ore in 1751. having finished the Swedish mineralogist Axel Kronstedt and seeing a new metal from it, calling it nickel.
Oskіlki mish'yak chemically dosit inert, vin zustrіchaєtsya and in a native camp - at the sight of heads or cubes. Such a bear sounds like 2 to 16% of houses - most often Sb, Bi, Ag, Fe, Ni, Co. Yogo is easy to grind into powder. In Russia, geologists have known native mish'yak in Transbaikalia, in the Amur region, and in other lands.
The unique mish'yak tim, which vines grow everywhere - in minerals, rocks, grunts, water, roslins and creatures, it is not without reason that yoga is called "omnipresent". Rozpodіl mish'yaka in different regions of the earth's backwoods rich in what was seen in the processes of molding the lithosphere and summertime at high temperatures, as well as the processes of sorption and desorption in soils and sedimentary rocks. Mish'yak easily migrates, which is why he spryaє to reach the high level of rozchinnіst deyakikh yogo from the water. In the watery climate, the mish'yak grows out of the soil and is carried by the ground waters, and then by the rivers. The average amount of bear in rivers is 3 µg/l, in surface waters it is about 10 µg/l, in sea waters and oceans it is only about 1 µg/l. This is explained in part by the dry sediments of yogo from the water accumulated in the bottom deposits, for example, in the manganese nodules.
In soils, mix it with mish'yaku to sound like 0.1 to 40 mg/kg. Ale in the region of the deposit of mish'yakov ores, as well as in volcanic areas near the soil, it can be more richly mish'yaku - up to 8 g / kg, like in some areas of Switzerland and New Zealand. In such places, the gyne grows, and the creatures are sick. Tse is typical for the steppes and the desert, de mish'yak does not vanish from the ground. It is rich in porous soil from the middle in mist and clayey rocks - they have four times more space for the mish'yak, lower for the middle one. In our country, the maximum permissible concentration of mish'yaku in soil is 2 mg/kg.
Mish'yak can be washed over the ground not only with water, but also with wind. Ale for this vine is guilty of a cob of change into a summer mishakorganіchnі spoluki. This transformation is due to the so-called biomethylation - the addition of a methyl group to the established C-As bond; This enzymatic process (wine is good for half-mercury) is involved in the participation of the coenzyme methylcobalamin - a methylated vitamin B 12 (wine is in the human body). The biomethylation of the mouse is found like in fresh water, and in sea water it is brought to the adoption of the organic mice - methylarsonic acid CH 3 AsO (OH) 2, dimethylarsonic (dimethylmish'yakova, or cacodylic) acid (CH 3) 2 As ( O) OH, trimethylarsine (CH 3) 3 As and iogo oxide (CH 3) 3 As \u003d O, which also occur in nature. With the help of 14 C-labeled methylcobalamin and 74 As-labeled sodium hydroarsenate Na 2 HAsO 4, it was shown that one of the strains of methanobacteria is capable of methylating to volatile dimethylarsine. However, in the majority of rural areas, the average is 0.001 - 0.01 mcg / m power plants, which are used in high-altitude mish'yaku, but the concentration of mish'yaku in the field can exceed 1 mcg/m 3 . The intensity of the fall of mish'yaku near the areas of growth of industrial centers should be 40 kg / km 2 per river.
The adoption of summer spoluk mish'yaku (trimethylarsine, for example, boil less at 51 ° C) called 19 tbsp. numerical damage, shards of mish'yak mіstivsya at plasterers and navіt at green farbі for tapestries. In the Farbi look, Scheele's greens Cu 3 (AsO 3) 2 were previously vikorated n H 2 O that Parisian, or Schweifurt greens Cu 4 (AsO 2) 6 (CH 3 COO) 2. In the minds of high water and the flowers appear from such a farby, summer bears are settled. It is admitted that this process could be the cause of Napoleon's complete ruin in the rest of his life (as you know, the mischief of knowledge at Napoleon's hair through the second century after his death).
Mish'yak at commemorative kіlkostakh to be found near some mineral waters. Russian standards establish that in the liquor-table mineral waters of Mish'yaku can be no more than 700 mcg / l. AT Jermuk yogo can be more common in the kіlka. Drink one or two bottles of "mish'yakovo" mineral water, people will not be fooled: in order to die mortally, you need to drink three hundred liters at a time ... But it dawned on me that you cannot drink such water all the time to replace the splendid water.
Chemists have found out that a bear in natural waters can be found in different forms, which is obvious from a glance of yoga analysis, ways of migration, as well as different toxicity of these species; for example, the use of trivalent mish'yaku is 25-60 times more toxic than pentavalent one. The presence of As(III) in water is present in the form of weak myxic acid H 3 AsO 3 ( RK a \u003d 9.22), and on the As (V) half, in what looks like a significantly strong misic acid H 3 AsO 4 ( RK a = 2.20) and її deprotonated anions H 2 AsO 4 – and HAsO 4 2–.
In the living speech of the mouse, in the average it is 6 10 -6%, tobto 6 µg / kg. Deyakі sea algae zdatnі concentrate mish'yak nastіlki that become unsafe for people. Moreover, these algae can grow and multiply in pure concentrations of misic acid. Such algae vikoristuyutsya in such Asian lands as a defense against scurvy. In the clear waters of the Norwegian fjords, algae can avenge bears in a quantity of up to 0.1 g/kg. In humans, the mish'yak is hidden in the brain tissue and in the m'yazakh, the veins accumulate in the hair and nails.
The power of the Mish'yaku.
Although it looks like a mischievous metal, wine is still more slick and non-metal: it does not make salts, for example, from sulfuric acid, but itself is an acid-forming element. That is why this element is often called napіvmetal. Mish'yak is available in a number of alotropic forms and some other way phosphorus is guessed. The most famous of them is a Syrian mish'yak, an arch of speech, like a metal glint on fresh evil (the name is "metal mish'yak"); yogo gustin 5.78 g / cm 3. With a strong heating (up to 615 ° C), the wines vanish without melting (the same behavior is typical for iodine). Under the pressure of 3.7 MPa (37 atm), the bear melts at 817 ° C, which is much higher than the temperature of sublimation. The electrical conductivity of gray mouse is 17 times less, lower for midi, ale 3.6 times higher, lower for mercury. Due to temperature changes, electrical conductivity, like in typical metals, decreases approximately the same way as in midi.
If you bet the mish'yaku, cool it down to a temperature of rare nitrogen (–196 ° C), the lightness of the mouth of the mouth of the yellow color will come out, which is supposedly yellow phosphorus, its density (2.03 g / cm 3) is significantly lower, lower in gray Mish'yaku. Pari mish'yak and jovtiy mish'yak are made up of As 4 molecules, which form a tetrahedron - and here is an analogy with phosphorus. At 800 ° C, a slight dissociation of vapors begins to dissolve As 2 dimers, and at 1700 ° C, only As 2 molecules are depleted. When heated and under ultraviolet light, the mish'yak quickly passes from the sights of heat. When condensing pari mish'yaku in an inert atmosphere, one more amorphous form of the black color element is established. Like a bet, take a mish'yaku in a cover on a slope, a mirror-like spitting is settled.
Mish'yaku has the same electronic shell as nitrogen and phosphorus, ale on water in them, and the new one has 18 electrons on the outer shell. Like phosphorus, it can create three covalent bonds (configuration 4s 2 4p 3) and an unshared pair is added to the As atoms. The sign of the charge on the As atoms in the compounds with covalent bonds is due to the electronegativity of the suicidal atoms. The fate of the unshared bet in complexation for the mouse is significantly more difficult due to nitrogen and phosphorus.
Like in the As atoms of the rear of the d-orbital, it is possible to depair 4s-electrons into five covalent bonds. Such a possibility is practical only when used with fluorine - in pentafluoride AsF 5 (with pentachloryl AsCl 5, ale wine is not resistant and is easily laid out at -50 ° C).
In a dry coat, the mish'yak is stable, but in a voluminous darkness, it is covered with black oxide. When sublimated, mish'yaku's bet easily burns on the surface of the black half-lights with the release of important white pairs of mish'yakovous anhydride As 2 O 3 . Zeus oxide is one of the most widely used mice reagents. Vin maє amphoteric power:
As 2 O 3 + 6HCl ® 2AsCl 3 + 3H 2 O,
2 O 3 + 6NH 4 OH ® 2 (NH 4) 3 AsO 3 + 3H 2 O.
When As 2 O 3 is oxidized, an acid oxide is dissolved - misch'yakovy anhydride:
As 2 O 3 + 2HNO 3 ® As 2 O 5 + H 2 O + NO 2 + NO.
In case of yoga interaction with soda, sodium hydrogen arsenate is removed, which is known to be stagnant in medicine:
As 2 O 3 + 2Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O ® 2Na 2 HAsO 4 + 2CO 2.
Clean mish'yak finish inert; water, meadows and acidity, which do not lead to oxidizing authorities, do not breathe on it. Nitric acid is diluted oxidizing to orthomish'yakovo acid H 3 AsO 3, and concentrated to orthomish'yakovo H 3 AsO 4:
3As + 5HNO 3 + 2H 2 O ® 3H 3 AsO 4 + 5NO.
Mish'yaku (III) oxide reacts similarly:
3As 2 O 3 + 4HNO 3 + 7H 2 O ® 6H 3 AsO 4 + 4NO.
Mish'jakova acid is an acid of medium strength, a trio of weak acid for phosphorus. On the face of it, miscarriage acid is rather weak, which due to its strength gives boric acid H 3 BO 3 . In її different ways, it is equal H 3 AsO 3 HAsO 2 + H 2 O. Mish'yakovist acid and її salts (arsenity) are strong hydrants:
HAsO 2 + I 2 + 2H 2 O ® H 3 AsO 4 + 2HI.
Mish'yak reacts with halogens and sulfur. Chloride AsCl 3 - bezbarvna oily rіdina, scho to smoke on the surface; Hydrolyzed with water: AsCl 3 + 2H 2 O ® HAsO 2 + 3HCl. Vіdomі bromіd AsBr 3 and iodide AsI 3 yakі also rozkladyutsya water. In the reactions of Mish'yaku іz sіrkoy, sulphides of a different warehouse are settled - right up to Ar 2 S 5 . Mish'yaku sulfide is found in meadows, ammonium sulfide and in concentrated nitric acid, for example:
As 2 S 3 + 6KOH ® K 3 AsO 3 + K 3 AsS 3 + 3H 2 O,
2 S 3 + 3 (NH 4) 2 S ® 2 (NH 4) 3 AsS 3,
2 S 5 + 3 (NH 4) 2 S ® 2 (NH 4) 3 AsS 4,
As 2 S 5 + 40HNO 3 + 4H 2 O ® 6H 2 AsO 4 + 15H 2 SO 4 + 40NO.
In these reactions, thioarsenity and thioarsenate are dissolved - salts of thioacids (similar to thiosulfuric acids).
In the reaction of Mish'yaku with active metals, salt-like arsenides are dissolved, which are hydrolyzed by water. Arsenides of low-active metals - GaAs, InAs and in. make diamond-like atomic forces. Arsine is a barrelless, odourless, odorless gas, but the houses give it a smell to the watchmaker. Arsine is properly laid out on the elements already at room temperature and quickly - when heated.
Mish'yak satisfies impersonal mish'yakorganichnyh spoluk, for example, tetramethyldiarsine (CH 3) 2 As-As (CH 3) 2. Back in 1760, the director of the Servian Porcelain Factory, Louis Claude Cade de Gassicour, distilling potassium acetate with mish'yaku (III) oxide, unspoofed the motherland, which avenged the mish'yak, with a good smell, yak was called alarsine, aboriginal Cade. How z'yasuval zgodom, in ts_y rіdіnі stіlilis first trіnіnі organіchnі podhіdnі mish'yaku: so ranks oxide kakodyla, sho hid in the result of the reaction
4CH 3 COOK + As 2 O 3 ® (CH 3) 2 As-O-As (CH 3) 2 + 2K 2 CO 3 + 2CO 2 i dicacodyl (CH 3) 2 As-As (CH 3) 2. Cacodile (a kind of Greek "kakos" - filth) was one of the first radicals, found in organic fields.
In 1854 Parisian professor of chemistry Auguste Kaur synthesized trimethylarsine di methyliodide on sodium arsenide: 3CH 3 I + AsNa 3 ® (CH 3) 3 As + 3NaI.
In the future, for synthesizing, mish'yaku trichloride was used, for example,
(CH 3) 2 Zn + 2AsCl 3 ® 2(CH 3) 3 As + 3ZnCl 2 .
In 1882, they removed aromatic arsinium dimetal sodium to sum aryl halide and mish'yak trichloride: 3C 6 H 5 Cl + AsCl 3 + 6Na ® (C 6 H 5) 3 As + 6NaCl. The most intensively the chemistry of organic dead mice developed in the 20th century of the 20th century, if some of them showed antimicrobial activity, as well as drativity and shkirno-narivna diyu. In a given hour, tens of thousands of mish'yakorganіch spoluks have been synthesized.
Take away the Mish'yaku.
Mish'yak is taken, more importantly, as a by-product of the processing of copper, lead, zinc and cobalt ores, and is used to produce gold. Deyakі polimetalevі ore mіstjat up to 12% mish'yak. When such ores are heated to 650-700 ° C, without a second time, the mish'yak vanishes, and when heated on the surface, the volatile oxide As 2 O 3 - "white mish'yak" is settled. It is condensed and heated from the vugills, with which the mish'yaku is revived. Otrimannya mish'yaku - shkіdlive virobnitstvo. Previously, if the word "ecology" was seen only by narrow fakhivtsy, "white bear" was released into the atmosphere, and settling wines on dry fields and forests. In the gases that come out of the bear plants, they range from 20 to 250 mg / m 3 As 2 O 3, then the same sound at the same time, approximately 0.00001 mg / m 3. The average allowable concentration of mish'yaku in a sample is less than 0.003 mg/m 3 . Paradoxically, at the same time, it’s more richly zabrudnyayut dovkіllya mish'yak not start from yoga, but the use of color metallurgy and power plants that burn the stones of the vugill. In the bottom litter, near the copper smelters, there is a lack of mish'yaku - up to 10 g / kg. Mish'yak can be consumed at the soil and with phosphorus fertilizers.
І one more paradox: take more mish'yaku, lower it is necessary; tse dosit rіdkіsny vipadok. In Sweden, "non-consumable" mish'yak zmusheni were buried in reinforced concrete containers in deep, closed mines.
The golovny promislovy of the mineral Mish'yaku is arsenopyrite FeAsS. Great honey-mish'yak genera are in Georgia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan, in the USA, Sweden, Norway and Japan, mish'yakov-cobalt - in Canada, mish'yakov-tin' - in Bolivia and England. In addition, there are gold-mish'yakov clans in the USA and France. Russia may have its own numerical distribution of Mish'yaku in Yakutia, the Urals, Siberia, Transbaikalia and Chukotka.
The appointment of the Mish'yaku.
An acidic reaction to mish'yak is the precipitation of yellow sulfide As 2 S 3 from hydrochloric acid varieties. Follow Marsh's reaction or by Gutzeit's method: paper husks, soaked in HgCl 2 darken at the presence of arsine, which converts sublimate to mercury.
The rest of the decade has been divided into various sensitive methods of analysis, with the help of which it is possible to determine the meager concentrations of mish'yaku, for example, in natural waters. In the middle of them, half-moon atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic emission spectrometry, mass spectrometry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, neutron activation analysis ... Like a mouse near the water, it’s not enough, you may need to concentrate the eyes in advance. Vykoristovuyuchi such a concentration, a group of Kharkiv scientists from the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine has expanded in 1999. Extraction-X-ray fluorescence method of assigning Mish'yak (as well as selenium) in drinking water with sensitivity up to 2.5–5 µg/L.
For separate purposes, As(III) and As(V) їх are first water-creamed one way, one after the other with the help of good extraction and chromatographic methods, as well as vicorist selective hydrogenation. Call for extraction for the help of sodium dithiocarbamate or ammonium pirolidindithiocarbamate. Qi can be mixed with As(III) insoluble in water complexes, which can be removed with chloroform. Then, after additional oxidation with nitric acid, the mish'yak can again be transferred to the aqueous phase. For another sample, for the help of a guide, transfer arsenate to arsenite, and then a similar extraction. This is how they signify the “hot teddy bear”, and then, considering the first result from the other, they signify As (III) and As (V) randomly. However, in water, it is organically mixed with Mish'yaku, it should be translated from methyldiiodarsine CH 3 AsI 2 or dimethyliodarsine (CH 3) 2 AsI, if it is indicated by this same chromatographic method. So, with the help of highly efficient native chromatography, it is possible to determine the nanogram amount of speech.
A lot of mish'yakov's colonies can be analyzed by the so-called hydride method. Vіn polagaє in selective renewal of analyzed speech in flying arsine. So, inorganic arsenic convert to AsH 3 at pH 5 - 7 and at pH
Sensitive and neutron activation method. Vіn polagaє in prominennі zrazka by neutrons, at the same nucleus 75 As zaplyuyut neutrons and transform into radionuclide 76 As, which is manifested by the characteristic radioactivity with a period of 26 years. So reveal up to 10-10% of the mish'yaku from the eye, tobto. 1 mg per 1000 tons of speech
Zastosuvannya mish'yaku.
Nearly 97% of the bear, which is seen, vikoristovuyut at the sight of the yogo half. A pure mish'yak rarely gets stuck. On the river in the whole world, there are less than a few hundreds of tons of metal mish'yaku. In a quantity of 3% mish'yak, it improves the quality of bearing alloys. Mish'yaku's additives to lead significantly increase its hardness, which is the best time for the production of lead batteries and cables. Small additions of mish'yaku increase corrosion resistance and improve the thermal power of copper and brass. Mish'yak of a high level of purification is stagnant in the production of conduit fittings, in some of them they are alloyed from silicon or from germanium. Mish'yak vicorist and like an alloying additive, like giving "classic" conductors (Si, Ge) the conductivity of the singing type.
Mish'yak as a valuable additive of vicorist and in color metallurgy. Thus, the addition of lead to 0.2 ... 1% As significantly increases its hardness. It has long been remembered that if you add a little bit of mish'yak to molten lead, then when you fork the shot, bags of the correct spherical shape come out. The addition of 0.15 ... 0.45% mish'yaku in mid zbіshuє її mіtsnіst razryv, hardness and corrosive stіykіst pіd hour work in the gassed medium. In addition, the mish'yak zbіshuє plinnіst midi pіd hour littya, easing the process of drawing the dart. Add a mish'yak to deyakі grades of bronzes, brass, babіtіv, drukar alloys. І at one time the mish'yak often misbehaves with metallurgists. In the production of steel and rich colors of metal, it is not necessary to go to a more complicated process - to remove the whole mish'yak from the metal. The presence of a bear at the ruddy robs virobnitstvo shkіdlivim. Shkіdlivim dvіchі: first, for the health of people; in a different way, for the metal - the meaning of the houses of the misch'yaku increased the power of rich metals and alloys.
Wider zastosuvannya mayut raznі spoluky mish'yaku, yakі shhorіchno viroblyayutsya tens of thousands of tons. Oxide As 2 O 3 zastosovuyut at the stoving as an illuminating warehouse. Even the ancient glassmakers were aware that a white mish'yak could be robbed with a "deaf" tobto. opaque. However, small additions of speech, navpak, lighten the slope. Mish'yak and at the same time enter the recipes of the old warehouses, for example, the "Vidensky" warehouse for thermometers.
Z'ednannya mish'yaku zastosovuyut like an antiseptic for zabіgannya psuvannya and preservation of skins, hutra and opudalo, for the seepage of wood, as a component of non-wrapping furb for the bottoms of ships. In this vicarious quality, there are salts of misic and misic acids: Na 2 HAsO 4, PbHAsO 4, Ca 3 (AsO 3) 2 and in. The biological activity of the past mice has been appalled by veterinarians, agronomists, and specialists in the sanitary and epidemiological service. As a result, there appeared a bear to avenge growth stimulants and productivity of thinness, antihelminthic diseases, drugs for the prevention of sickness to young animals on tvarinnitsky farms. Z'ednannya mish'yaku (As 2 O 3, Ca 3 As 2, Na 3 As, parizka greens) are used to fight against mosquitoes, rodents, and also weeds. Previously, such a plantation was wide and wide, especially during the cultivation of fruit trees, tyutyunovyh and bovine plantations, to relieve thinness in the form of lice and lice, to stimulate growth in poultry and pig breeding, and also to hang the grass before picking. Even in ancient China, rice crops were treated with mish'yaku oxide, in order to protect them from squints and fungal infections, and in such a rite to raise the crop. And in Pivdenny V'etnam, the American military zastosovuly as a defoliant yacodylic acid ("Agent Blue"). Narazі through otruynost spoluk mish'yaku їh vikoristannya at the strong state bordering.
Important halls of stosuvannya spoluk mish'yaku - the production of semiconductor materials and microcircuits, fiber optics, the vibrating of monocrystals for lasers, plivkovy electronics. For the introduction of small, strictly dosed quantities of this element, the conductors are filled with gas-like arsine. Arsenide gallium GaAs and indium InAs are used in the preparation of diodes, transistors, lasers.
Obmezhene zastosuvannya to know mish'yak and in medicine . Isotopes of mish'yaku 72 As, 74 As and 76 As are useful for long-term follow-up periods (26 years, 17.8 days and 26.3 years of age) to be used for the diagnosis of various diseases.
Illya Lehenson
Mish'yaku (English and French Arsenic, German Arsen) has been around for a long time. In the III - II millennium BC. that is, they already took away metal midi from 4 - 5% mish'yaku. In the teachings of Aristotle, Theophrastus (4th - 3rd centuries e.) that in nature, red sulfide mish'yaku is called realgar; Pliny calls the yellow sirchisty mish'yak As 2 S 3 auripigment (Auripigmentum) - golden colors are used, and later wines, omitting the name orpiment (orpiment). The ancient Greek word arsenikon, and also the sandarak, can be seen as the head rank to the purest half. At I st. Dioscorides, having described the vipaling of the orpiment and the product, which is settled with it, is a white mish'yak (As 2 O 3). In the alchemy period, the development of chemistry was considered to be indisputable, that arsenik (Arsenik) had a pure nature, shards of sulfur (Sulphur) were respected by the "father of metals", they attributed to arsenik the human power. It is not clear, if the metal mish'yak was taken away first. The sound is attributed to Albert the Great (ХІІІ century). Farbuvannya midi with the addition of mish'yak in a white brilliance color alchemists looked like a transformation of midi into silver and attributed such a "transmutation" to the mighty power of mish'yak. In the middle century and the first century of the new hour, the mish'yaku became the home of the power of the mish'yaku. Vіm, sche Dioscorides (Iv.) recommending ailments for asthma inhalation of steam to the product, which is taken when heated with realgar with resin. Paracelsus already widely zastosovuvav white mish'yak and other half-mish'yak on the likuvannya. Chemists and gyrniki XV – XVII centuries. they knew about the building of the mish'yaku sublime and make it vapor-like products with a specific smell and spitting power. Vasyl Valentin tells about the good in the house to the metallurgists of the 16th century. domain smoke (Huttenrauch) and yoga specific smell. Greek (and Latin) called the mish'yaku, which lay before the sulfides of the mish'yaku, to resemble a Greek man. Є th іnshі clarification about vykhodzhennya tsієї name, for example, from the Arabic arsa paki, which meant "deeply penetrating into the body unfortunate otruta"; maybe, the Arabs posited this name of the Greeks. The Russian name was Mish'yak from old-fashioned days. In literature, it appeared from Lomonosov's watch, which, having vvazhav mish'yak, sang metal. I will name the order from the tsієyu at the ХМVIII Art. the word arsenik got used, and the mish'yak was called As 2 O 3. Zakharov (1810) uttered the name Mish'yakovik, but didn't pinch the ale wine. The word mish'yak, maybe, is posited by Russian artisans among the Turkic peoples. Mish'yak was called margumush by Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Farsi and other similar language (mar - kill, mush - misha); russian mish'yak, ymovіrno, a misha-truta was created, or a misha-truta.
Mish'yak(lat. arsenicum), as, chemical element of the group of the periodic system of Mendeliev, atomic number 33, atomic weight 74.9216; crystals of gray steel color. The element is composed of one stable isotope 75 As.
Historical proof. Natural spoluki M. iz sirkoy (auripigment as 2 s 3, realgar as 4 s 4) were familiar to the peoples of the ancient world, like zastosovuvali tsі minerals like licks and farbi. Buv vіdomy i product vipaluvannya sulfіdіv M. - oxide M. (iii) as 2 o 3 (white M.). The name arsenik o n is used already in Aristotle; it is viroblene like Greek. a rsen - strong, masculine and served to identify M.'s half (because of their strong impact on the body). The Russian name, as you know, resembles a “bear” (for the preparation of M. for the blame of mice and schurov). Otrimanya M. is attributed to a free station Albert the Great(close to 1250). In 1789, A.A. Lavoisier including M. to the list of chemical elements.
The expansion of nature. The average volume of M. in the earth's crust (clarke) is 1.7 10 -4% (per mass), in such a number of vines present in most eruptions. Oskіlki z'ednanny M. volatile for high temperatures, the element does not accumulate during magmatic processes; Vіn concentrates, taking in the oblogue from hot deep waters (together with s, se, sb, fe, co, ni, cu and іn elements). During eruptions of volcanoes, M., like his flying spoluk, is consumed by the air. Oskіlki M. is rich in valentine, because of this migration there is a great influx of an oxidizing and viscous middle. Arsenates (as 5+) and arsenites (as 3+) are dissolved in the oxide minds of the earth's surface. These are rare minerals, which are less likely to grow on the plots of M. genera. Native M. and minerals are more likely to grow, and as 2+. From the number of minerals M. (about 180) the main industrial value is less than arsenopyrite feass.
Small amount of M. necessary life. However, in the areas of the birthplace of M. and the prevalence of young volcanoes in the soil, they can reach up to 1% of M., which causes ailments of thinness, the death of growth. The accumulation of M. is especially characteristic of landscapes in the steppes and desert, in the soils of which M. is low-rotten. In a humid climate, M. is easily overcome from soils.
In living speech, it is 3 x 10 -5% M., in rivers 3 x 10 -7%. M., which is brought by rivers into the ocean, settles in a swirling swede. Sea water has less than 1 x 10 -7% M., but in clays and shales 6.6 x 10 -4%. Siege deposits of ore, manganese deposits are often enriched.
Physical and chemical power. M. may sprat allotropic modifications. For the greatest minds, the most stable so-called metalevy, or syria, M. (a -as) - a gray-steel krykhka crystalline mass; fresh evil may have a metallic glint, on the surface there is a swish of darkness, to that it is covered with a thin melting as 2 o 3. Krystalіchnі grati gray M. rhomboedric ( a\u003d 4.123 a, cut a \u003d 54 ° 10", X= 0.226), sharuvata. Size 5.72 g/cm 3(at 20°c), power supply 35 10 -8 ohm? m, or 35 10 -6 ohm? cm, temperature coefficient for electric support 3.9 10 -3 (0°-100 °c), Brinell hardness 1470 MN/m 2, or 147 kgf/mm 2(3-4 behind Moos); M. diamagnetic. Under atmospheric pressure, M. moves at 615 ° C without melting, so the point a-as is required to lie at 816 ° C in the vice 36 at. A pair of M. folds up to 800 ° c with as 4 molecules, more than 1700 ° c - only with as 2. When M.'s vapor condenses on the surface, which is cooled by rare repetitions, M.'s life becomes clear - clear, soft, like a crystal, clear 1.97 g/cm 3, similar in power to white phosphorus. When there is light, or when the wine is slightly heated, it transforms into M. syria. There are also slop-like-amorphous modifications: M. black and M. bury, and when heated at 270 ° C, they transform into M. syria.
Changing the outer electrons of the atom M. 3 d 10 4 s 2 4 p 3 . In M.'s floors, the degree of oxidation is + 5, + 3 and - 3. Syrian M. is significantly less active chemically, lower phosphorus. When heated on a surface of 400 ° C, M. burn, satisfying as 2 o 3. With halogens, M. happens without a hitch; for extraordinary minds asf 5 - gas; asf 3 , ascl 3 , asbr 3 - bezbarvnі easily flying rіdini; asi 3 and as 2 l 4 - red crystals. When heated M. s sirkoyu otrimani sulfide: orange-black as 4 s 4 і lemon yellow as 2 s 3 . Pale yellow sulfide as 2 s 5 precipitates when h 2 s is passed through, which is cooled by ice, misic acid (or її salts) in dihydrochloric acid: 2h 3 aso 4 + 5h 2 s \u003d as 2 s 5 + 8h 2o; close to 500°c vіn expands to as 2 s 3 i sіrku. All M. sulfides are insoluble in water and diluted acids. Strongly oxidizing agents (sumish hno 3 + hcl, hcl + kclo 3) translate їх у sumіsh h 3 aso 4 i h 2 so 4 . The sulfide as 2 s 3 is easily distinguished in sulfides and polysulfides of ammonium and plutonium metals, the solvent salts of acids are thyomish'yakovo h 3 ass 3 and thyomish'yakovo h 3 ass 4 . With sour M. give oxide: oxide M. (iii) as 2 o 3 - misch'yakovy anhydride and oxide M. (v) as 2 o 5 - misch'yakovy anhydride. The first of them is settled when dim sour on M. or yoga sulfide, for example, 2as 2 s 3 + 9o 2 \u003d 2as 2 o 3 + 6so 2. Wagers as 2 o 3 condense into a bezbarvn sklopodіbnu mass, as if from time to time it becomes opaque after the adoption of the crystals in the cubic syngonia, thickness 3.865 g/cm 3. The number of bets is based on the formula as 4 o 6: more than 1800 ° c, steam is added as 2 o 3. 100 G driver varies 2.1 G as 2 o 3 (at 25°c). Oxide M. (iii) - amphoteric from the floor, with more acidic power. Vіdomі salt (arsenіt), scho vіdpovіdat acids orthomish'yakovoї h 3 aso 3 і metamish'yakovoї haso 2 ; the acids themselves are not taken away. At the water, there are less arsenity of puddle metals and ammonium. as 2 o 3 і arsenіti sound like oxidants (for example, as 2 o 3 + 2i 2 + 5h 2 o \u003d 4hi + 2h 3 aso 4), but they can also be oxidizers (for example, as 2 o 3 + 3c \u003d 2as + 3co ).
Oxide M. (v) is removed by heating mischiac acid h 3 aso 4 (about 200 ° C). Vіn bezbarvny, close to 500 ° C rozladetsya on as 2 o 3 i o 2 . Mish'jakovu acid otrimuyut diyu concentrated hno 3 on as or as 2 o 3 . Salts of misic acid (arsenate) are not common in drinking water, salts of puddle metals and ammonium. Vіdomi sіlі, scho vіdpovіdat acids orthomish'yakovoї h 3 aso 4 , metamish'yakovoї haso 3 i pіromish'yakovoї h 4 as 2 o 7 ; the remaining two acids are not taken away from the free station. When fused with metals M. zdebіlskogo utvoruє spoluky ( arsenide).
Otrimannya that zastosuvannya . M. take away from industrialism the heating of mish'yakov pyrites:
feass = fes + as
or else (rіdshe) vіdnovlennyam like 2 o 3 vugіll. Offending processes are carried out in retorts with fire clay, which are used for condensation of vapors of M. Mish'yakovistium anhydride is removed with oxidizing vipal of mish'yakov ores, or as a by-product of vipal of polymetal ores, it may be possible to oxidize and oxidize M. . Syria as 2 o 3 is purified by sublimation at 500-600°c. Cleansings as 2 o 3 serve for the production of M. and yoga preparations.
Small additions of M. (0.2-1.0% by weight) are added to lead to serve for the production of towel shot (M. pushes the surface tension of molten lead, which causes it to take shape, close to spherical; M. deshcho increases hardness lead). Yak a private substitute for surmi M. to enter the warehouse of deyaky babіtіv and drukar alloys.
Pure M. is not brittle, but all yogo spoluchy, scho razchinyayutsya near the water, or can go into rozchin pіd ієyu shlunkovogo juice, nadzvichayno struyni; especially troubled mischievous water. Z zastosovuvanih on virobnitstvі spoluk M. the most toxic mish'yakovisty anhydride. Domishka M. to avenge all sulfide ores of color metals, as well as zalizny (sirchany) pyrites. To that, with їx oxide vibration, the order with sulfuric anhydride so 2 is sure to be settled as 2 o 3; Most of it condenses in the smoke channels, but for the minimum efficiency of the purification spores, the gases of the ore-burning furnaces are flooded with commemorative as 2 o 3 . Pure M., although not nasty, but when taken on display, it will always be covered with a hint of bran as 2 o 3 . Due to the presence of adequate ventilation in the region, it is not safe to etch metals (zal, zinc) with technical sulfuric or hydrochloric acids, which will avenge the house of M., to which the mischievous water is settled.
S. A. Pogodin.
M. in the body. In the yakost microelement M. ubiquitous extensions in living nature. The average amount of M. in soils is 4 10 -4%, in the ash of roslin - 3 10 -5%. Zmist M. in marine organisms is higher, lower in terrestrial ones (in ribs 0.6-4.7 mg in 1 kg orphan speech that accumulates in the oven). Average volume of M. in the body of people 0.08-0.2 mg/kg. In the blood, M. is concentrated in erythrocytes, devine binds to the hemoglobin molecule (moreover, in the globin fraction, it is more double, lower in hemi). The largest number of yoga (for 1 G fabrics) appear at nirkah and bakery. Bagato М. little paired - in the spinal cord, the brain (the head rank of the hypophysis), the articular shafts and in. In the tissues of M., it is found in the main protein fraction, significantly less in the acid-dissolving fraction, and only an insignificant part of it is found in the lipid fraction. M. takes part in oxide-oxidative reactions: oxidative decomposition of folded carbohydrates, brodins, glycols, etc. ingibіtori fermentation of the reaction of the exchange of speech.
M. in medicine. Organic spoluki M. (aminarson, miarsenol, novarsenal, osarsol) are the main rank for treating syphilis and protozoan infections. Inorganic preparations M. - sodium arsenite (mish'yakovokisly sodium), potassium arsenyt (mish'yakovistokisly potassium), mish'yakovisty angidride as 2 o 3 are prescribed as zagalnozmіtsnyuyuch and tonіzuyuchi zasobi. In the event of a miscarriage of inorganic preparations, M. can have a severe effect that necrotizes, without anterior teasing, through which the process proceeds may be painless; ce power, as the most pronounced in as 2 o 3 vicorist in dentistry for grinding the pulp of the tooth. Inorganic preparations M. zastosovuyt also on the treatment of psoriasis.
Take away individually radioactive isotopes M. 74 as (t 1/2 = 17.5 dobu) that 76 as (t 1/2 = 26.8 year) vicorist for diagnostic and juvenile purposes. With their help, they specify the localization of the tufts of the brain and determine the degree of radicality of their remoteness. Radioactive М.
Vіdpovіdno to the recommendation of the International Commission on protection from vippromіnyuvan, marginally admissible vmіst 76 in organisms 11 mkcuri. According to the sanitary norms adopted in the SRSR, the maximum permissible concentration of 76 as in water and in the waters is 1 10 -7 cur/l, at the number of working places 5 10 -11 cur/l. All preparations of M. are more toxic. In case of a severe attack, they are afraid of a strong pain in the stomach, carry-through, damage to the nirok; possible collapse, judge. In chronic disorders, most of the mucosal-intestinal disorders, catarrh of the mucous membranes of the dichal passages (pharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchitis), skin lesions (exanthema, melanosis, hyperkeratosis), impaired sensitivity; possible development of aplastic anemia. In the treatment of otruen with M. preparations, it is most important to give unithiol.
Come in ahead of the dust blowers to be able to direct us to mechanization, sealing and sawing of the technological process, creating effective ventilation and ensuring the safety of workers by means of individual protection from the saw. You need regular medical check-ups of the practitioners. The front medical examination should be carried out at the time of admission to work, and for working people - once a day.
Lit.: Remi R., Course of inorganic chemistry, prov. z nyomu., T. 1, M., 1963, p. 700-712; Pogodin S. A., Mish'yak, in the book: Short chemical encyclopedia, vol. 3, M., 1964; Shkidlivy speeches in industry, for the ed. N. St. Lazareva, 6th edition, part 2, L., 1971.
essay
| As | 33 |
Mish'yak |
|||||||
| t o kіp. (o C) | Step.oxide | +5 +3 -3 | |||||||
|
74,9215 |
t o float. (o Z) | 817 (under vice) | strength | 5727(Syrian) 4900(Black) | |||||
| 4s 2 4p 3 | OEO | 2,11 | at the earth measles | 0,00017 % | |||||
Our discourse about the element is not narrower than broadening, but rather to spread broadly; about the element, the power of which is insanely super-simple. So it is very important to play a role, like a grave and gray element in the life of people. At a different hour, at a different setting, at a different looking wine, it stands like a trap and like a jubilant zasib, like a shchidly and unsafe breath of virobnitstva, like a component of the most beautiful, irreplaceable speeches. Also, element іz with atomic number 33.
The history of theses
Oskіlki mish'yak lie down to the elements, the exact date of the discovery of which has not been established, but only ascertaining a few reliable facts:
v_domy mish'yak from old times;
at the practice of Dioscorides (I century A.D.) one wonders about the roasting of speech, as if at once they call it a sirchist mish'yak;
in the III-IV centuries, in the urivchast records that are attributed to Zozymos, there is a riddle about metalevy mish'yak; the Greek writer Olimpiodorus (5th century A.D.) describes the preparation of white mish'yaku with vipal sulfide;
in the 8th century, the Arab alchemist Geber otrimav triokis mish'yaku;
in the Middle Ages, people began to stick together with triokis mish'yaku during the processing of mish'yakmist ores, and white smoke of gas-like As2O3, omitting the name of ore smoke;
the use of a free metal mish'yak is attributed to the German alchemist Albert von Bolshtedt and is dated until about 1250, although Greek and Arabic alchemists would have impeccably removed the mish'yak (heating yoga trioxide with organic speeches) for the Bolshteed rantashe;
in 1733 it was reported that white mish'yak is the oxide of metal mish'yak;
1760 the Frenchman Louis Claude Cadet otrimav pershu organically with a mish'yak, seen as the homeland of Cadet abo oxide "cacodile"; the formula for speech is [(CH3)2A]2O;
in 1775, Carl Wilhelm Scheele removed mischievous acid and mischievous water;
in 1789 Antoine Laurent Lavoisier recognized mish'yak as an independent chemical element.
Elementary mish'yak - brightly-sirah, or tin-yano-white speech, like fresh evil spirits
metal glare. Ale on the surface of the wines is dark dark. When heated to 600 ° C, the mish'yak vibrates, does not melt, and melts at 818 ° C under a pressure of 37 atm.
Mish'yak - disgusting
In Svidomo bagats, the words "truta" and "mish'yak" are identical. This has already been the case historically. Vіdomi rozpovidі about Cleopatri's brooms. Rimi was famous for spitting Locusti. The traditional constables of the adoption of political and other opponents were torn apart by the mid-Italian republics. In Venice, for example, at the court there were trimals of specialists-operators. The main component of the bagatioh will be cut off buv mish'yak.
Russia has a law that allows private persons to be allowed “vitriol and burshtin’s oliya, mіtsnu gorіlka, mish’yak and tsilibukha”, but the vision of Tsar Ganni Іoanіvni is in 1733. The law is superbly strict and saying: “Whoever gave this mish'yak and the other most important materials to trade to become and z tim spyman, or who will be reported to, tim and will be charged with a zhorstoke punishment and sent to be sent to slander without any mercy, to that one will be charged , yakі povz pharmacies and town halls from whom to buy. And if someone, having bought such rubbish materials, will make trouble for people, they will not only be beaten for a rose, but they will be stricken by death, marveling at the importance of doing obov'yazkovo.
For a long time, they gave Mish'yak the respect of pharmacists, toxicologists, and ship's experts.
To know the destruction of the mischief of criminality has learned without mercy. If there are more porcelain-like grains in the shell of debris, then we blame the suspected mischief anhydride As2O3. Qi grains at once from small pieces of vugill are placed at the glass pipe, soldered and heated. Although in the pipes there is As2O3, then on the cold parts of the pipe there is a gray-black gleaming ring of metal mish'yaku.
After cooling, the tubes are blown, the corners are seen, and the gray-black ring is heated. At the same ring, it turns to a free end of the tube, giving a white pour of misic anhydride. The reactions are like this:
As2O3 + 3S == As2 + 3SO
or
2As2O3 + 3S = 2AS2 + 3CO2;
2As2+3O2==2As2O3.
Taking away the white coating is used under a microscope: even for a small increase, one can see the characteristic glimmer of crystals like octahedrons.
Mish'yak can be saved for a long time in one place. To that, during ship-chemical deliveries to the laboratory, they deliver pieces of earth taken from six diggers for the burial of people, yaku could be removed, as well as parts of її robe, embellishment, dosh.
Symptoms of mischievous poisoning are metal relish in the mouth, vomiting, strong pain in the stomach. Piznishe sudomi, paralysis, death. The most common and readily available protiotrut with mish'yak is milk, to be more precise, the main protein of milk is casein, which makes it possible for the mish'yak to be unresolved, so that it does not get wet in the blood.
Mish'yak in the form of inorganic preparations is lethal at doses of 0.05-0.1 g, prote mish'yak is present in all growing and living organisms. (This was brought by the French scientist Orfila as early as 1838.) Marine plants and creatures take revenge on the average hundred thousand, and freshwater and terrestrial ones - millions of parts of the mish'yaku. The microparticles of the mouse are conquered by the cells of the human body, element No. 33 is found in the blood, tissues and organs; especially rich in yogo in the oven - in the amount of 2 to 12 mg per 1 kg of vaga. Vcheni allow, that microdoses of the mouse will increase the resistance of the organism to the number of small bacteria.
Mish'yak - faces
Doctors state that tooth decay is our hour of the widest ailment. It is important to know the people, as if they didn’t want one filled tooth. The ailment is repaired from the ruination of the soaked salts of the tooth enamel, and even the disease-bearing microbes repair their bridka on the right. Penetrating krіz weakened the armor of the tooth, the stench attacked the soft inner part. The “empty carious” is settled, and to have mercy on the dentist at this stage, you can easily get rid of it: the empty carious will be cleaned and filled with filling material, and the tooth will be left alive. But if you don’t go back to the doctor, empty caries reach the pulp-tissue, to take revenge on the nerves, blood-bearing and lymphatic judges. її inflamed, and even a doctor, to get away from the victim, to beat the nerve. The command is given: "Mish'yak!" Mish'yakovist acid, which enters the warehouse of the mouth, quickly diffuses into the pulp (bіl, which, when you feel it, nothing else, like the "remaining cry" of the pulp, which dies), and after 24-48 years everything is over - the tooth of the dead . Now the doctor can painlessly remove the pulp and fill the pulp chamber and root canals with an antiseptic paste, and seal the “dirka”.
Not only in stomatology are covered with mish'yak and yogo slabs. The all-world popularity of salvarsan, the 606th preparation of Paul Erlich - a German doctor, which was the first effective way to fight against luesom on the cob of the XX century. Tse true buv 606th of the trials of Yerlich's honey preparations. This yellow amorphous powder was assigned the formula
Only in the 1950s, if salvarsan had already ceased to zastosovuvaty as zasіb against lues, malaria, serological typhus, the Radianian teachings of M. Ya. Kraft, having established a correct formula. It turned out that salvarsan can polymerize budova
Value P in the fallow mode, the possession can grow from 8 to 40.
Salvarsan was replaced by other less toxic drugs, more effective and less toxic.
Vykoristovuyut in medical practice deyakі inorganіchnі spoluki mish'yaku. Mischiakous anhydride As2O3, potassium arsenite KAsO2, sodium hydrogen arsenate Na2HAsO4. 7H2O (in minimal doses, arguably) galvanizes the oxidation processes in the body, potentiates hematopoiesis. Those speeches, like a call, are prescribed for some kind of sickness. The mish'yaku and yogos themselves are attributed to the healing waters of some mineral waters.
We think that the aiming of butts is enough to confirm the thesis laid down at the name of the division.
Mish'yak - zbroya iznischennya
I am again forced to turn to the deadly powers of element No. 33. It is no secret that it was widely beaten, and it is possible to beat it at the same time in the production of chemical weapons, no less evil, no less nuclear. About tse svіdchit the dosvіd of the first light war. Let’s talk about the same reports about the stagnation of the imperialist powers by the imperialist powers in the Abbissinia (Italy), China (Japan), Korea and Pivdenny Vietnam (USA), which leaked to the other.
Z'ednannya mish'yaku enters to all the main groups in the fighting blasted speeches (0B). Middle 0В zahalnootruynoї dії - arsine, mish'yakovist water AsН3 (respectfully, it's worthy of note that the trivalent mish'yak is more brittle, whose z'єdnannya is pentavalent in such mish'yak). Tse most importantly spoluk mish'yak enough to finish the first year of the year, die again, in a liter of which there is 0.00005 g of AsH3, so that in a few days you will be able to recover in that world. AsH3 concentration 0.005 g/l beat me up. It is important to note that the biochemical mechanism of di-AsH3 affects the fact that these molecules "block" the molecules of the erythrocyte enzyme - catalase; through this, water peroxide accumulates in the blood, which destroys the blood. Activated vugillia sorbs arsine weakly, so against arsine the greatest protigas is not a defense.
At the rocks of the first light vine, they tried to stagnate arsine, the aloe volatility and inconsistency of their speeches helped to overcome the mass stagnation. At the same time, technical feasibility for trivial infection with arsine є. Vin is dissolved by the reaction of arsenides of certain metals with water. Those same arsenides are unsafe for people, those creatures, the American military in the V'etnami brought it to you. . . Arsenidi bagatioh metal tezh sled bіd bіdnesti to OV zagalnoї dії.
Another great group of rubbish speeches - the speeches of a drastically divided speech - may be more and more composed of a mish'yaku. Її typical representatives of diphenylchlorarsine (C6H5)2AsCl and diphenylcyanarsine (C6H5)2AsCN.
Speech of the tsієї group vibirkovo develop nerve endings of the mucous membranes - more important than the membranes of the upper dyhal channels. This calls for a reflex reaction of the body to sound like a teaser, coughing and coughing. On the vіdmіnu vіd slozogіnnyh OV tsі rhechovіnі navіt іn lіkе truєnnі dіyut і after that, vibrating from the vibrating atmosphere. For a long time, a person has been shaking a sick cough, it appears in the chest and in the head, and tears begin to flow. Plus up to tsgogo vomit, ass, a little fear; to bring everything to a thorough inspection. Until then, many speeches cry out loudly tormenting the body "
In the middle of the brittle speeches of the skin-narival diy - luzisite, which reacts with sulfhydryl SH-groups of enzymes and disrupts the overflow of biochemical processes. Vbirayuchis through the skin, lyuzit viklikaє zagalno truєnnya organism. This situation in its time gave the Americans a reason to advertise lyuzit under the name "dew of death."
Ale to talk about tse. Humanity is alive with hope, that there are no more speeches, about which they have spoken about me (and there are many more similar to them), there will be no more vikoristany.
Mish'yak - stimulator of technical progress
The most promising sphere of zastosuvannya mish'yak insanely napіvprovіdnikova technique. Of particular importance are nabools in ni arsenide gallium GaAs and indium InAs. Arsenide gallium is also important for a new direct electronic technology - optoelectronics, which in 1963-1965 was introduced into the physics of solid state, optics and electronics. This material added to the creation of the first conductor lasers.
Why did arsenides appear to be promising for napіvprovіdnikovoї technology? In order to understand the power circuit, let’s briefly guess about the basic understanding of the physics of the conductors: “valence zone”, “harrowed zone” and “conductivity zone”.
On the vіdmіnu vіd vіlnogo elektron, yak mоzhe mother be-yaku energy, electron, laying in atoms, mоm hе less than deyakі, sіlkom pevnі znachennya energy. From the possible values of the energy of electrons at the atom, energy zones are added. By virtue of Paul's principle, the number of electrons in the skin zone cannot be greater than the maximum. Like a zone of empty, won, naturally, it is impossible to take the fate of the created conductivity. Do not take part in the conduction and electronics of the overfilled zone: as there are no equals, the existing electric field cannot viklikati respread the electronics and create an electric stream. Conductivity is less likely to occur in a frequently closed zone. To that, the body from a partially filled zone is brought to metals, and the body, in some kind of energy spectrum of electronic stations, is formed from the filling and empty zones, to electric conductors.
It can also be guessed that most of the filled zones in crystals are called valence zones, the often filled and empty ones are called conduction zones, and the energy interval (or bar'єr) between them is called the fenced zone,
The main power between dielectrics and heaters is the same at the width of the fenced zone: if more than 3 electron volts is required for the ceiling, then the crystal is brought to the dielectrics, and if it is less - to the heaters.
In pairs with classical conductors of the IV group - germanium and silicon - arsenides of elements of the III group, there are two advantages. The width of the fenced zone and the fragility of the charge in them can be varied at wider boundaries. And the more damaging the charge, the more frequencies you can use the conductor attachment. The width of the fenced zone is to be chosen fallow according to the recognized attachment. So, for straighteners and subsiluvacs, invested in the work at elevated temperatures, zastosovat material with a large width of the fenced zone, and for primers that are cold, infrared vitreousization - with a small one.
Galium arsenide has become especially popular because it has good electrical characteristics, as it saves in a wide temperature range - from minus to plus 500 ° С. at room temperature, germanium - at 70-80 ° C, and silicon - at 150-200 ° C.
Mish'yak vicorist and like an alloying additive, like giving "classic" conductors (Si, Ge) the conductivity of the singing type (div. article "Nimechchina"). At the same time, the ranks of the transitional ball are created at the head of the conductor, and the fallow recognition of the crystal yogo is laid in such a way that the ball of different depths is taken away. At the crystals, the recognition of the preparation of diodes, yogo "how" more; If sony batteries work from the heating crystals, then the depth of the transitional ball is not more than one micron.
Mish'yak as a valuable additive of vicorist in color metallurgy. Thus, the addition of lead to 0.2-l% As significantly increases its hardness. Shots, for example, must be fired from lead alloyed with mish'yak - otherwise do not remove the strictly bowed form of pellets.
The addition of 0.15-0.45% mish'yaku in copper increases the resistance to opening, hardness and corrosion resistance for an hour of work in a gassed medium. In addition, the mish'yak zbіshuє plinnіst midi pіd hour littya, easing the process of drawing the dart.
Add a mish'yak to deyakі grades of bronzes, brass, babіtіv, drukar alloys.
І at one time the mish'yak often misbehaves with metallurgists. In the production of steel and rich colors of metal, it is not necessary to go to a more complicated process - to remove the whole mish'yak from the metal. The presence of a bear at the ruddy robs virobnitstvo shkіdlivim. Shkіdlivim dvіchі:
in a different way, for the health of people, in a different way, for metal - the significant houses of the bear increase the power of rich metals and alloys.
Such element No. 33, which deservedly deserves a filthy reputation, prote in rich vipads is even more corny.
* About two types of conductivity, it was reported in the article "Nimechchina".
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Zagalni vіdomostі
Uniqueness Mish'yaku I believe in the fact that yoga can be known everywhere - in mountainous rocks, minerals, water, soil, in creatures and roslins. Yoga is called the all-pervading element. Mish'yak is spread across different geographic regions of the Earth. As the climate of the region of waters, the element is taken from the earth and then carried away by the ground waters. Near the surface waters and in the depths, the river flows from 3 µg/l to 10 µg/l of the river, and the sea and ocean waters are richer, close to 1 µg/l.Mish'yak zustrіchaєtsya in the body of a mature person in a quantity of approximately 15 mg. Most of yoga is carried out in the liver, lungs, small intestine and epithelium. Smoktuvannya speechovina vіdbuvaєtsya at the drain and intestines.
Antagonists are phosphorus, sirka, selenium, vitamins E, C, as well as deacid amino acids. At its core, the speech becomes worse when the body soaks up selenium, zinc, vitamins A, E, C, folic acid.
The secret of yoga core is in yoga abundance: in a small dose of wine, a number of brown functions are overcome; and the great ones have the strongest disgust.
Functions:
- Polypshennya assimilation of phosphorus and nitrogen.
- Stimulation of hemorrhage.
- Weakening of oxidative processes.
- Interaction with proteins, lipoic acid, cysteine.
Mish'yak as a chemical element
Mish'yak of insurance to chemical elements of the V group of the periodic table and to lie down to the family of nitrogen. In natural minds, speech is the only stable nuclide. Over a dozen radioactive isotopes of Mish'yaku were taken away by piecework, yakі mayut a wide range of values for the period napіvrozda - from many whilins to many months. The approved term is associated with yogo zastosuvannyam for the blame of rodents - bears and squints. Latin name Arsenicum (As) vanished like the Greek word " Arsen"What does it mean: tight, strong.Historical views
Mish'yak at a clean looking bov vіdkritiy pіd hіmіchіchіchіkh eksperimentіv іn the Middle Vіka. And yoga spoluki were known to people long ago, they were victorious for the production of likіv and farb. On this day, especially rich-faceted mish'yak beats in metallurgy.One of the periods of human development was called bronze by historians. At about an hour people passed from the stone armor to the perfected bronze armor. Bronze є z'єdnannyam ( alloy) tin from the middle. As historians vvazhayut, the first bronze was seen in the Tigris and Euphrates valleys, at about 30 st. BC Fallow in the vіdsotkovy warehouse of warehouses, which enters to metal, bronze, seen in different forges, could be the mother of different powers. Vcheni z'yasuvali, that the most beautiful bronze with valuable powers is the alloy of midi, which can cover up to 3% of tin and up to 7% of mischievous speeches. Such bronze was easily extruded and more quickly forged. Imovirno, when melting, they mixed up the copper ore with the products of the glassing of the copper-bear sulfide minerals, and they looked similar. The old-time fahivtsy estimated the hardness of the metal and gave it a purposeful whisper of the load of the bear's minerals. In order to know them, the specific power of these minerals was victorious, when heated, they gave off a watchful smell. Ale with an hour of melting of bronze from a misty mish'yakovisth slabs stumbled. Nayimovіrnіshe, it happened through those who, when the mish'yak avenged speeches, often blamed the bullshit.
Zvichayno, in the distant past, this element was less visible than in other minerals. In ancient China, they knew a hard mineral called realgar, which, as you know, is a sulfide warehouse As4S4. Word " realgar» translated from Arabic means « mine saw". This mineral was victorious for carving on stone, but there was only one small amount: on light or when heated, realgar “psuvavsya”, the shards under the influx of thermal reaction were transformed into the same language As2S3.
Vcheny and philosopher Aristotle at 4 st. BC giving your name to this mineral - sandarac". Three centuries later, Roman teachings and a writer Pliny the Elder together with a doctor and a botanist Dioscorides described another mineral under the name orpiment. The Latin name of the mineral is changed. farba gold". Tsey mineral vikoristovuvavsya like a yellow barn.
In the Middle Ages, alchemists saw three forms of speech: yellow mish'yak ( є As2S3 sulfide), chervoniy ( sulfide As4S4) and bіliy ( oxide As2O3). Bely utvoryuєtsya at the sublimation of deaky houses mish'yaku pіd vіpalu mіdnih ores, like vengeance of this element. The wine condensed from the gas phase and had a white deposit, after which it was taken.
In the 13th century, alchemists, when heated with yellow mish'yak, that mila took away metal-like speech, which, perhaps, was the first clear speech of pure speech, cut off with a piece of way. Ale otrimana, speech disrupted the alchemists' revelations about the mystical "link" of seven metals brought to them from the same astronomical objects - planets; For this very reason, the alchemists called the possessed speech “illegal metal”. The stench commemorated for him one cicava of power - the speech could give a midi white color.
Mish'yak buv accurately identified as independent speech on the cob of the 17th century, if the pharmacist Johann Schroeder with the introduction of the villages to the oxide, having taken yoga away from a clean look. Dekilka rokiv because french medicine and chemist Nikola Lemeri Zumіv otrimati tsiu speech, heating yogo oxide in sumіshi with potash and sweet. In the coming century, yoga was already well known and was called the extraordinary “singing metal”.
Swedish doctrine Scheele otrimav dosvіdchenim way mischievous gas-like water and mish'yakovu acid. At the same hour A.L. Lavoisier recognizing this speech as an independent chemical element.
Knowledge of natural minds
The element is often found in natural minds with middling, cobalt, nickel, and fairing. The earth's bark of yogo is not so rich - about 5 grams per ton, about 5 grams of steel, tin, molybdenum, germanium, tungsten and bromine.
warehouse of minerals, yakі utvoruє denmark chemical element ( on today's day over 200), enchantment with "metal-like" dominance of the element. Vin can be like a negative one, so in a positive world of oxidation, it is easy to get stuck with other elements; with positive oxidation, mish'yak plays the role of metal ( for example, in sulfides), with a negative - non-metal ( in arsenides). Mish'yak mіstjat minerals mаyut foldable warehouse. The element itself can replace itself in the crystal solution with atoms of antimony, sirka, as well as atoms of metals.
Richly spoluk metalіv i mish'yaku, judging by their warehouse, it is more visible to intermetal spoluk, lower to arsenіdіv; a part of them is aired by a change of the main element. In arsenides, one hour at a time, one can replace a small amount of metals, and atoms of these metals at a close radius of ions can replace one of one in a crystal solution. Mustaches of minerals, which can be seen up to arsenides, cast a metallic sheen. The stench is opaque, important, their firmness is not great.
Butt of natural arsenides ( їх are available approximately 25) can serve as such minerals as skutterudite, saffflorite, rammelsbergit, nickelskutterudit, nickelin, llingit, speryl, maucherite, algodonit, langіsіt, klinosafflorit. The concentrations of arsenides may be high-strength and rise to a group of “overhead” minerals.
The widest mineral is arsenopyrite ( otherwise, how they call yogo, mish'yakovy pyrite). Cikavim for chemists seems to be quiet minerals, in some of them at once there is a presence of a bear, and in some wines metal plays a role, shards are grouped together with other metals. Ce minerals arsenosulvanite, girodite, arsenohauchecornite, freibergite, goldfieldite, tennantite, argentotennantite. Budova tsikh minerals is more foldable.
Such natural sulfides as realgar, auripigment, dimorphite, getchelite, may have a positive oxidation state As ( lat. Mish'yaku sign). These minerals look like small blotches, wanting to see crystals of great size and vaga in some places.
Tsіkavim is the fact that natural salts of misic acid, which are called arsenates, look different. Erythrite may be cobalt-infested, scurry, annabergite and simplesite are green. And gernesit, kettigit, roosevelt - absolutely bezbarvnі.
In the central environs of Sweden, kar'єri are streaked, and in them, rich-manganese ore is found. In these kar'erakhs, it was found that it was described over fifty different minerals, yakі є arsenates. Some of these arsenates were not mentioned anywhere. How vvazhayut fahivtsі, tsі minerals settled down for low temperatures as a result of the interplay of mysh'yakovo acid with other rivers. Arsenate is the products of oxidation of some sulfide ores. Sound the stench not to waste your valuables, the cream is aesthetic. Such minerals are the colors of mineral collections.
Name the minerals boulo given a special rank: some of them were named in honor of high-ranking, eminent politicians; others were named in a similar way to the name of mistevity, in which stench they were found; the third ones were named after Greek terms, which signified their main powers. for example, color); the quarters were called abbreviations, which meant the letters of the letters of the names of other elements.
For example, the cicava of the ancient church, name such a mineral as nikelin. Previously, yoga was called kupfernikel. The German gyrniki, who practiced five or six hundred years over the pink midi, fearfully feared the evil spirit of the Greek, which they called Nickel. German word " kupfer" meant " mid". Kupfernikel they called "devil's", or "false" mid. Tsya ore was already similar to the midna, but the copper did not go into it. Then she knew her zastosuvannya at the dictionary. Z її with the help of the help they turned the bugs in green colors. A new metal was seen out of the ore, and they called it nickel.
A pure bear is to be killed inert for its chemical powers, and it can be manifested in a native camp. Vіn looking, like growing heads or cubes. Such a nugget is easy to grind into powder. Vіn revenge up to 15% of houses ( cobalt, gold, nickel, silver and other metals).
In soils, as a rule, it should be 0.1 mg/kg to 40 mg/kg. In quiet forests, de-laid Mish'yakov ore, that in the region of volcanoes, the soil can even have a large amount of As - up to 8 g / kg. Such a show itself is seen in some areas of New Zealand and Switzerland. In such areas, the gyne flora, and the creatures are sick. The same situation is typical for pustels and steppes; At povnyannі z srednіmіstom, richer vvazhayutsya and clay breeds, shards in them are four times more mish'yakovistih speechovina.
As pure speech transforms as a result of biomethylation into a flying mouse organic floor, then it is not only water, but also wind, that brings water out of the soil. Biomethylation - the addition of a methyl group, in which the C-As bond is established. This process is affected by the participation of speech methylcobalamin - cemethylated similar to vitamin B12. Biomethylation As is found both in sea water and in fresh water. Tse lead to the establishment of such mishakorganіchnyh spolyuk as methylarsonic and dimethylarsinic acid.
In quiet areas, where there is no specific pollution, the concentration of m'yaziv becomes 0.01 mcg / m3, and in industrial areas, where power plants and backwaters are depleted, the concentration reaches 1 mcg / m3. In areas where industrial centers are known, the consumption of mish'yaku is intensive and becomes up to 40 kg / sq. km on the river.
Flying with half a mish’yaku, if I’m more vindicated in their power, they brought people a lot of bid. Masovі otruєnnya navіt in the 19th century was often called. But the doctors did not know the reasons for the destruction. And the blasted speech was placed in green farb for trellises and plasterers. The high water content brought the flowers to maturity. Under the influence of these two factors, flying mish'yakorganichny speeches were established.
Є admission, that the process of approving seemingly organic dead moments became the cause of the emperor’s uplifted turmoil Napoleon That Yogo and Caused to Death This allowance is based on the fact that after 150 years after death, surpluses of mish'yaku were found at Yogo Volossi.
Mish'yakovist speeches in mortal kіlkosty are located at the warehouses of deaky mineral waters. Globally accepted standards are established, that in the mineral waters the concentration of honey can become more than 70 mcg/l. In principle, if the concentration of speech is higher, then until the end you can only bring it for a steady, trivial living.
Mish'yak can be found in natural waters in various forms and forms. Trivalent mish'yak, for example, in many times toxic, lower pentavalent.
Deyakі z marine algae can accumulate mish'yak at such a concentration that is unsafe for people. Such algae can grow in full and multiply in the acid mussel medium. In some countries, their vicorist is like a deratization disease ( against squints).
Chemical power
Sometimes they call a mish'yak metal, but in fact, it's not metal. Vin does not dissolve salts with acids, but on its own it is acid-forming speech. That is why yoga is called napіvmetal. Yak and phosphorus, mish'yak can be used in various alotropic forms.One of these forms is syriy mish'yak, to finish the cry of speech. Yogo evil maє Yaskraviy metalevy blisk. Yogo's friend was called "metal mish'yak"). The electrical conductivity of this napіvmetal was 17 times less than the middle, and 3.6 times more with the middle, and less for mercury. The temperature is higher, the electrical conductivity is lower. Tsya typical dominance of metals is typical for this type of metal.
Cool down for a short hour to a temperature of -196 degrees ( temperature of rare nitrogen), then weide the clearness of the speech of the yellow color, which looks like yellow phosphorus. Shіlnіst tsієї speech is richly lower, lower in metal mish'yaku. Zhovtiy mish'yak and mish'yakovi bets are formed from molecules, yakі mayut the shape of a tetrahedron ( tobto. pyramid form with chotirma basics). Molecules of phosphorus can form this form.
Under the influence of ultraviolet, as well as when heated, the yellow bear instantly passes to the Syrians; with this reaction, heat is seen. As bets condense in an inert atmosphere, another form of this element is established - amorphous. If you take a mish'yaku in a tax on a bet, then a mirror-like spitting is established.
Budov's electronic shell of this element is the same as that of phosphorus and nitrogen. Mish'yak, yak and phosphorus, can form three covalent bonds.
If it is dry, then As maє stіyku form. In the vіd vologogo povіtry vіn tmyanіє i zvehu pokryvaetsya black oxide. When ignited mish'yakov, bets easily burn to black half-lights.
As a clean look to dosit inert; meadows, water and various acids, as if they do not wash oxidic authorities, do not pour on a new one. If we take diluted nitric acid, we can oxidize pure As to orthoarsenic acid, if we take it concentrated, we can oxidize it to orthoarsenic acid.
As reacts with sulfur and halogens. In reactions from the sirkoy, sulfides are dissolved in a different warehouse.
Mish'yak yak otruta
Usі m'yazovі spoluki є otruynimi.The disease is manifested by pain in the abdomen, passing, vomiting, depression of the central nervous system. The symptoms of oral intoxication are similar to those of cholera. That is why in judicial practice earlier, the vikorists of the mish'yaku were often rattled as if they were disgusting. The most successful way to beat the criminal method is spolka - mish'yaku trioxide.
On quiet territories, where near the water, that grunts tend to be too much speech, there is a lot of accumulation in the thyroid glands of people. As a result of which they have endemic goiter.
Destruction by Mish'yak
Symptoms of mischievous poisoning are manifested by metal relish in the mouth, vomiting, and severe pain in the abdomen. Piznіshe can come sudomi or paralysis. Destruction can lead to death. The most widely available type of antiviral for bear intoxication is milk. The main protein of milk is casein. Wines are made with mish'yak unresolved from the floor, as they do not get wet at the roof.Out of the blue:
1.
When inhaling mischievous stools, I saw a saw ( most often - in unfriendly virobnichih minds).
2.
With the vzhivannі otruєnoї vody їzhі.
3.
When zastosuvanni deyaky likarskih sobiv. An excess of speech is deposited in the cystic brain, legs, nirks, shkir, intestines. There is a large amount of evidence that inorganic sprouts are carcinogenic. Through the trial of the implantation of the tainted mish'yak, water or medications, low-grade cancer of the skin may develop. bowen cancer) or hemangioendothelioma of the liver.
In the case of acute disturbances, the first help is necessary to wash the drain. In stationary minds, hemodialysis is performed to cleanse the brunets. For treatment of gostroma and chronic disorders, use Unithiol - a universal antidote. Dodatkovo vikoristovouyut speech-antagonist: sіrku, selenium, zinc, phosphorus; and obov'yazkovo to introduce a complex of vitamins and amino acids.
Symptoms of overdose and deficiency
Possibly signs of a deficiency of mice are manifested by a decrease in the concentration of triglycerides in the blood, an increase in fertility, an impaired development and growth of the body.Mish'yak is more like a bruised speech, a single dose of 50 mg can cause a lethal end. Overdose is manifested by drativity, allergies, headaches, dermatitis, eczema, conjunctivitis, impairment of the dichal function and the nervous system, impaired liver function. Overdosing with speech increases the risk of cancer.
The source of the element is vvazhayutsya: Russian and wild products, seafood, grains, cereals, tyutyun, wine, and drinking water.
About getting into our diet of this microelement, the turbulence is not varto - it is practical for all products of the organic and dewy trip, there is nothing in the warehouse of refined tsukru. From the same wine to come to us with a sufficient amount. Products, especially rich in them, such as shrimp, lobster, langoustines - to avoid overdosing, should be in dead quantities, so as not to take away the middle of the overworld, wipe off.
In the human body, half-mish'yaku can be consumed with mineral water, seafood, juices, grape wines, medicines, herbicides and pesticides. Speech accumulates most importantly in the reticulo-endothelial system, as well as in legenia, shkir, nirki. Insufficient supplementation of speech to the body is taken 1 mcg / day. The threshold of toxicity becomes approximately 20 mg.
A large number of elements are found in fish fat and, no wonder, in wines. In normal drinking water, the speech is low and unsafe for health - approximately 10 mcg / l. Days of the region of the world ( Mexico, Taiwan, India, Bangladesh) summarily we remember that in the drinking water of these lands there is a large number of mish'yak ( 1 mg/l), and to that there, sometimes, the masses of the hulks are disturbed.
Mish'yak pereshkodzhaє intrati phosphorus by the body. Vitamin D is a regulating factor in the process of phosphorus-calcium exchange, and the bear, with its blackness, regulates phosphorus exchange.
It seems that certain forms of allergy develop through a deficiency in the organism of a mischievous person.
The microelement zastosovuєtsya to improve appetite in case of anemia. With the torn off selenium, the mish'yak is a miraculous anti-rut. Experimental studies on mice have shown that exactly the right doses of speech help to reduce the incidence of cancer.
With an increase in the concentration of the element in soil or food products, intoxication occurs. Severe intoxication can lead to such serious ailments, like cancer of the larynx or larynx. Moreover, the number of deaths can also increase.
Apparently, 80% of the speech, which came into the body from the hedgehog, straight into the mucosal-intestinal tract and the stars are taken into the blood, and 20%, which are lost, are taken to us through the skin and legs.
Through the intake of after-feeding into the body, from the new one, over 30% of the speech is excreted at once from the section and about 4% - at the same time from the feces. Mish'yak is classed as immunotoxic, mentally essential elements. It has been proven that speech takes a practical part in all important biochemical processes.
Mish'yak at dentistry
Qiu speech is often zastosovuyut for the exaltation of such a dental disease like caries. Caries start from the fact that the soaked salts of the tooth enamel begin to crumble, and the tooth, which is weakened, attacks the disease-causing micro-organisms. While attacking the soft inner part of the tooth, microbes make carious empty spaces. If, at this stage, the disease is cleaned up, the carious cavity is empty and filled with filling material, then the tooth becomes “alive”. And if you let the process go by itself, then the carious emptying will reach the tissue, like revenge on blood-bearing, nervous and lymphatic judges. It's called the pulp.
The inflammation of the pulp develops, after which the only reason for the further expansion of the diseased state of the nerve. Axis for carrying out ts_єї manipulations mish'yak and needs.
The pulp is exposed with a dental instrument, a grain of maw is placed on it to avenge mischievous acid, and it practically diffuses into the pulp. Through doba the tooth is dead. Now the pulp can be removed absolutely painlessly, the root canals and the pulp chamber can be filled with a special antiseptic paste, and the tooth can be sealed.
Mish'yak at treatment of leukemia
Mish'yak can be successfully treated for mild form of leukemia, as well as in the period of primary congestion, if there is still no risk of enlargement of the spleen and lymph nodes. Vіn decrease or navit prinіchuє pathological utavleniya leukocytes, stimulating red hematopoiesis and vision of erythrocytes on the periphery.Otrimanya Mish'yaku
Yogo is regarded as a by-product of the processing of lead, copper, cobalt and zinc ores, as well as in the extraction of gold. Deyakі z polymetal ores mіstya have sobі up to 12% mish'yaku. If you heat them up to 650 - 700 degrees, then sublimation will occur for the next day. If you heat it up on the floor, then the "white bear" is settled, which is a volatile oxide. It is necessary to give condensation and heat it up with the vugills, with this reaction, the inspiration of the mish'yaku is born. The possession of this element is shkidlivy virobnitstvom.Previously, before the development of ecology as a science, the "white bear" from the great population was released into the atmosphere, and settled on trees and bushes. It is permissible to increase the concentration again to 0.003 mg/m3, although the concentration of industrial objects is 200 mg/m3. It’s not surprising, however, that it’s not those backwaters that wander more strongly, like a bear, but power plants and enterprises of color metallurgy. Don't fall near the copper smelters to avenge the large quantity of the element - up to 10 g/kg.
The second paradox lies in the fact that speech is seen in a larger number, less is needed. Tse rіdkіsne a sight at the gallery of the production of metals. Surplus yoga can be disposed of in the great metal containers, hovayuchi їх in the old mines.
Let's use the valuable mineral arsenopirite. Great honey-mish'yakov's hoards are strung in Central Asia, Georgia, the USA, Japan, Norway, Sweden; zolotomis'yakovi - from the USA, France; mish'yakovo-cobalt - near New Zealand, Canada; mish'yakovo-tin'yanі - in England and Bolivia.
Appointment of Mish'yaku
Yakіsna reaction to mish'yak polygaє in sedimented yellow sulfides from hydrochloric acid varieties. Follow the Gutzeit method or the Marsh reaction: paper smears, HgCl2 seepage, change the color to dark in the presence of arsine, which converts sublimate to mercury.The rest of the century developed various sensitive methods of analysis ( spectrometry); As if the speeches near the water are not rich, the concentration of sights is concentrating in the front.
Deyakі spoluky analyze selective hydride method. This method is useful in conducting selective renewal of the analyzed speech in the flying speech of arsine. Flying arsini freeze in the room, cooled with rare nitrogen. Let's sweat, povіlno pіdіgіvayuchi vmіst єmnosti, you can domogtis, scho different arsiny boil around each other.
Promise zastosuvannya
Close to 98% of all mish'yaku, which is seen, does not vikoristovuetsya in its purest form. And the axis of yoga has gained popularity and stagnates in various bollards of craftsmanship. Hundreds of tons of speech are widely seen and victorious. To add to the storage of bearing alloys for reducing the hardness, vicorous with folded cables and lead batteries for increasing hardness, zastosovuyut in alloys with germanium or silicon in the case of bending of heating and conductor fittings. Mish'yak zastosovuetsya like a light additive, like a good conductor of the singing type "classic" navprovidniki.Mish'yak is a valuable material for color metallurgy. When added to lead in the amount of 1%, the hardness of the alloy increases. If you add a little bit of mish'yaku to melted lead, then in the process of forging the shot, spherical regular-shaped bags will appear. The addition to the midi helps to increase the strength, corrosion resistance and hardness. Zavdyaki tsіy additives, plinnіst midi zbіshuєtsya, scho easing the process of drawing dart.
Add As deyakі grades of brass, bronze, drukarian alloys, babіtіv. But all the same, metalworkers are trying to turn on the process of turning it into an additive, the shards are too harsh for a person. More than that, it’s shkidliva and for metals, the presence of a bear in a great number of people has a greater power of rich metals and alloys.
Oxide vicorist at the smelter as an illuminator. Even the ancient skloduvi knew that the white mish'yak spied the opacity of the scull. Prote small additives yoga, navpak, illuminating the slope. Mish'yak and dosi enter the recipe for the preparation of deaky glasses, for example, "Vidensky" glass, which is victorious for the creation of thermometers.
Mish'yakovist spoluki vikoristovuyut as an antiseptic zasіb for zabіgannya psuvannya, as well as for preserving hutra, skins, opudal; for folding non-wrapping farbs for water transport; for seepage of the tree.
The biological activity of some dead Ass has been aroused by agronomists, sanitary and epidemiologists, and veterinarians. As a result, arsenic-containing preparations were created, which were stimulants of productivity and growth; medicinal products for the prevention of ailments of thinness; anti-worm protection.
The landowners in ancient China sprinkled with oxide mish'yaku sow rice, to save them from fungal infections and scurries, and in such a rite to protect the crop. At the same time, through the destruction of the mish'yak, to avenge the speeches, their stagnation in the rural state of the border.
The most important bells and whistles of speech are the production of microcircuits, conductive materials and fiber optics, fused electronics, as well as vibration for lasers in special monocrystals. In these vipads, sound gas-like arsine to stagnate. Arsenide indium and gallium should be planted when preparing diodes, transistors, lasers.
In tissues and organs, the healthy element appears in the protein fraction, richer than 100% in the acid fraction, and only a small part is found in the lipid fraction. Wine is a participant in oxidative-discretionary reactions, without any impossibly oxidative decomposition of foldable carbohydrates. Vіn take the fate of the ford and glycol. The half-folds of speech stasis in biochemistry as specific enzyme inhibitors, as necessary for the development of metabolic reactions. Wine is necessary for the human body as a microelement.