The tree is an amazing, generous gift of nature, which humanity has appreciated throughout its history. The forest was once man's first refuge. His home, his home. Man made the first tools of labor from wood. He made a fire from the branches and trunks of a tree, plucked fruits from the tree, the branches of the tree served him as a bed. It is impossible to imagine the life of ancient people without a forest, without trees and everything that they gave them. From century to century, mankind developed, reached ever new heights of knowledge, made social and economic transformations, created new materials unprecedented before, but the forest and its gifts still remained close to man. And if today, in the second half of the 20th century, in the age of the scientific and technological revolution, each of us looks around his workplace, his home, then, undoubtedly, he will be convinced that the tree plays an important, sometimes irreplaceable role in our life. And maybe because in many areas of our life and economic activity the tree has been pushed aside, and sometimes completely replaced by new synthetic materials, today we began to appreciate even more its unique beauty, as if connecting us with the natural world
History shows that people have always not only appreciated the availability of wood as a material for making things necessary in everyday life. But very early they learned to distinguish the plasticity, softness of wood, the ability to relatively easily carve complex and expressive sculptural forms from it. Almost each of the peoples who lived on earth left us unique cultural monuments made of wood. What we have inherited convincingly proves that wooden architecture, artistic creation wood carvers represent a significant layer of human culture. And to this day, patterned wooden structures of the ancient Japanese city of Kyoto decorate our planet, wooden Spanish caravels and Viking ships that plowed the oceans are kept in the memory of mankind, and peasant houses of rare beauty stand in the Russian North. Today, the temples of the ancient Kizhi churchyard on Lake Onega seem to be fabulous visions; ebony sculptures and carved ritual masks of Africa amaze with their mystery. In the history of our country, in its economy, construction, in all the life of Russia, wood has always played a special role. “The tree in all its various everyday forms - from the shake and toys to the coffin and the grave cross - accompanied the life of the people. The laboring hand of the peasant has always been in connection with the tree: he chopped, sawed, planed, hewed, carved. The tree played the role of bread in everyday life, and folk applied art developed and flourished, having a tree as its constant and main material basis. "
Wood is a very durable material, and a product made from it sometimes serves for several generations. For centuries, wooden buildings, furniture, utensils can live. However, the tree, unfortunately, is afraid of fire, and many monuments created from wood both in the world and in our domestic art have not come down to us.
Used Books .
A.Ya.Suprun "Carving and painting on wood"; A.S. Khvorostov "Woodcarving"; V.G. Burikov, V.N. Vlasov "House carving".
Selection and foundation of the project.
Why I chose the project, the answer is very simple. Last year our wonderful and beloved city turned 80 years old. This is a significant date for all of us. In this regard, I decided to depict our Tulun landscapes. Since I live in a village, near the station, I depicted a nearby church and a street landscape.
Having completed the first project and participated in the city competition, I decided not to stop there. It so happened that just at that time I attended a lesson in the Art Studio. I saw and became interested in flat carving. I decided to try my hand in a new direction. The theme of my first project is "Tulun Landscapes". I decided to continue this topic. In the process of work, I had to look through additional literature, sketches, but thereby I came to the conclusion that various works can be performed with this technique.
Stages and time of work.
It took me about one week to prepare these works.
Stage 1 : fiberboard (pressed, glued sawdust) is cut.
Stage 2 : to be covered in several layers of ink (preferably three layers, the distance between which is about 15 minutes).
Stage 3 : Sketch with a pencil.
Stage 4 : Several types of incisors cut a pattern based on the color shade. (Cut off on the lightest surfaces, and leave on the dark ones).
Stage 5 : we varnish the finished work with varnish.
Modern wood carving.
Wood carving is one of the most popular types of folk decorative arts in our time. Professional artists and members of amateur performances, masters of traditional folk crafts and newly organized industries are engaged in it. Amateur shows and representative republican and all-Union exhibitions show how rich and varied the modern relief and through-cut carving is, how many varieties have the works of sculptural volumetric carving. This includes the carved decoration of a modern house, and wooden plastic - from small figurines and sculptures to memorial ensembles made both in the technique of woodcarving and in combination of wood with other materials.
Wood remains a favorite material and decorative art itself, in interior design, in the manufacture of carved vases, dishes, ladles, decorative panels, candy bowls and bread bins of various shapes. Modern decorative wood products attract not only by the variety of forms, purposes, but also by the richness of the decoration of the products. They are very different in color, but in most cases they convey the warm natural range of wood - from light honey to many shades of brown. Often, contemporary artists, preserving the texture of the wood and using translucent paints, paint products in bright contrasting colors, giving them a special acuity of decorative sound.
In modern woodwork, the very diverse attitudes of artists and craftsmen to the texture of wood are clearly visible. Sometimes it is polished to a mirror shine, finished with modern mastics and varnishes, but there is also a desire to preserve the natural beauty of the wooden surface, the desire to leave the product unpainted and unvarnished, as they say “in linen”. Taking into account the fact that unfinished products quickly lose their presentation, artists want to find such a finish that would allow, while retaining the original appearance of the product, its novelty, to leave a feeling of the living natural beauty of wood. Therefore, more and more often, in the department, masters use wax or special varnishes that do not give a shiny, brightly glittering surface, leaving it soft, velvety. This technique uses boxes and chests, kitchen sets and other products of different purpose and size.
But one should not think that wood carving today is only the manufacture of small-sized small decorative things. To a large extent, this is monumental art, unique monuments erected by peoples by masters in places revered by all our people, associated with major historical events or with life.
wonderful people. Everyone knows today decorative - memorial ensembles created by Lithuanian woodcarvers in Ablinga, on the site of a village burned down by the Nazis, and in the city of Druskininkai, where the “Čiurlionis road” is decorated with wooden sculptures - a famous Lithuanian artist and musician who was born and lived in these places.
Masters of traditional woodcarving of this republic did a lot to decorate the public interiors of Uzbek cities. A contemporary sees their exquisite ornaments of the composition in the decoration of public buildings, ceilings, in decorative lattices.
Craftsmen of decorative arts often use wood in combination with other materials. Dishes, lids and mugs are made of wood. The proximity of materials such as glass and wood, successfully found by artists, made it possible to emphasize the decorative merits of both.
The above examples indicate that wood as a material for sculpture and decorative art has very great artistic possibilities, allows you to reveal a variety of creative individuals. But in modern artistic woodworking, in carving, there is a tradition of collective creativity that comes from the depths of history and remains modern today.
Conclusion.
1. In the course of my work, I came to the conclusion that this direction can be performed in various ways.
2. Wood processing is very interesting and useful for general development.
3. My works can be realized, donated and simply decorate your room.
4. To do the job, you need to gain some experience.
5. In the course of my creative project, I was very interested in this direction, and I decided to continue in the same spirit and create my own individual exhibition .
Content of the creative project.
1. Selection and foundation of the project.
1.Burning on wood .
1.Historical reference.
2.Product design.
3. Requirements for the product.
4. Manufacturing technology of the product and decoration.
5. Techniques of burning.
6. Technique of burning out.
7. Sketches.
8. Construction of the electric burner.
9.Literature.
2.Wood carving.
1.From the history of wood carving.
2.Modern wood carving.
3. Stages of the project.
4. Determination of wood moisture.
5. Drying of wood.
6. Tools and carving device.
7. Optional accessories.
8. Basic techniques and rules of carving.
9.Contour thread.
10.Preparation for finishing.
11.Dyeing and toning.
12. The structure and basic properties of wood.
13. Sketches of works.
14. Tools (cutters).
15. Used literature.
1. Technological calculation.
Wood carving is a very ancient and very common type of woodworking. Artistic wood carving is done by craftsmen, usually by hand with various knives, axes, chisels, chisels and other cutting tools.
The history of artistic wood carving has its roots in the most ancient primitive eras. It was used by almost every nationality in absolutely different continents of our planet. The result of this type of work was the constant modernization of the tools with the help of which wood carving was carried out.
What determines the choice of tools for carving
The choice of these very instruments of labor depends on the possible varieties of wood species, on the subtlety and accuracy of the required processing, as well as a number of other equally subtle elements of work on the material. Here you can trace the whole history, how generations from century to century improved and mastered new technologies, moving from stone chisels to metal tools and so on. There are several types of carving: geometric, contour, flat-relief, openwork and volumetric carving.
All well-known traditional crafts of our time are their leading industry, namely, artistic woodcarving. It is one of the main parts of folk art, because it is in this area that many modern masters and artists were able to realize their talents. If you have such a talent, then artistic woodcarving will suit you perfectly, but you need to master this art for a rather long period. Now special courses are being created where they teach wood carving, because in this kind of art it is human hands and the ability to hold tools that are important. Working with different cutting tools is a dangerous and difficult job, but the craftsmen of our company will be happy to make special exclusive gifts and souvenirs made of wood for you.
Artistic wood carving is a very laborious and complex process, so the prices for such products are appropriate. But if you have a very delicate aesthetic taste, then just such gifts will become indispensable for you and your family. There are many different artistic moments here, which are inherently limitless and you can show a lot of various creative delights.
For the Slavic peoples, the cult of nature was characteristic. People lived in a world unsafe for them and worshiped nature, seeking protection from adversity. Perhaps on the worship of nature and on the search for means of protection from hostile natural forces, and there was ... decorative art, including wood carving.
Decorative arts and the church With the advent of Christianity to Russia, the construction of churches began and sculptural images of saints were used for their decoration. Carved icons were also used in churches. The art of decorative ornaments was in demand primarily by the church.
Official recognition of the creativity of folk artists The official recognition of the creativity of folk artists took place on March 21, 1722 by the Decree of the Synod. True, this did not happen quite usually. The Synod's decree read: “... in churches many things are not in good working order - namely: carved, worn out, hollowed-out icons, which, due to the lack of skillful skill, are repulsive to church splendor ... which look disgusting and disgusting. And therefore the Synod is compelled to prohibit this. "
Development of the art of carving in the 18th century In the 18th century, the massive development of wooden sculpture began. In towns and villages, numerous artisans, woodcarving masters, performed decorations not only for churches, royal choirs and palaces, but also for the houses of ordinary residents. The art of carving in these times was in wide demand and developed rapidly. The first craft schools appeared where they taught carving. The court poet Simeon of Polotsk sang in his verses the works of carved sculptures “sculpted with a sharp sly gold”.
The art of decorating in everyday life The art of decorating was in demand in everyday life. The owners decorated and furnished their dwelling according to their tastes. Everyone contributed something of their own. Often a sun pattern was carved on gates or platbands. The sun in Russia was a symbol of life, joy, happiness, prosperity. The facades of houses were decorated with carved platbands and cornices.
Decorating the tools of production with carving It is difficult to imagine a peasant hut without an obligatory working tool - a spinning wheel. This item, symbolizing needlework, has always been revered in Russia and decorated with carvings with special love. The spinning wheel became a real decoration for the hut: if it is not busy, it is broadcast on the wall.
Decoration of kitchen utensils with carvings Somewhere in the corner on the wall there must be a wooden ladle hanging. How could our ancestors do without him? It was one of the most common utensils. And our ancestors did not miss the opportunity to decorate it. For example, they made it in the form of waterfowl (ducks, geese, swans). They did not forget to trim the bucket handle with carvings.
Decorating household items with carvings Many other household items were also decorated with carvings. So for example, everything that a girl stitches and sews for the wedding (and the Russian girl had to cook everything herself) was put into chests and boxes. They were, of course, made of wood. They covered them with the most varied carvings, because the surface of such a product allowed a Russian craftsman to fully express his imagination.
Rolls Skilful wood carving was also used to decorate clothes washing devices - rolls. Most often, images of bereinas (mermaids) with curved tails were carved on them. Probably, this was due to the fact that they used a roller when washing in close proximity to water.
The first carved toys Apparently, in the same distant times, the first carved toys began to be made: figures of animals, birds, people. For example, a toy representing a duck on wheels has been preserved. In a word, thanks to the imagination and skill of some craftsman, the children received their first real toys. And who, even today, will not be pleased with a souvenir carved from wood.
With the development of the Russian state, the art of woodcarving also developed. If initially each person did everything for himself, then later specialization began in one kind of craft. Gradually, such an area of \u200b\u200bthe craft as woodcarving was isolated. Wood carvers were highly prized. We can say with complete confidence that carvers and painters, embroiderers and jewelers created Russian art. Without them, there would be no original, inimitable creations that adorn and adorn our lives.
Wood carving history is many thousands of years old. Since the appearance of wooden architecture, which is one of the oldest ways of building housing, it has been counting history of threading on wood. The eternal human desire for the beauty and decoration of their homes and household items has resulted in an amazing ability to make any piece of wood a unique work of art. Door and window frames, wooden spoons and other dishes, musical instruments and many more items were decorated with woodcarving. Using the woodcarving method, craftsmen could make a fairly reliable and very ingenious wooden lock. Some of these handicrafts have survived to this day; they can be seen in local history and historical museums.
The history of the development of wood carving is inextricably linked with the history of the development of culture and the worldview of society, which is why woodcarving is completely different in each country, there are different techniques and styles. The most ancient type of carving - geometric carving - has been used since time immemorial not only to decorate household utensils, but also to compose magical amulets and protective spells, since each element of the carving symbolized phenomena, objects or elements from which a person wanted to be protected or to which, on the contrary , resorted to for help. Amulets were carved from wood - protective symbols that were supposed to bring good luck and protect from harm. Such amulets were covered with special carvings and for many years became the keepers of the house.
In a later period, the decoration of the house and household items with woodcarving lost its mystical meaning and became purely decorative. In the 16th-18th centuries, woodcarving became a nationwide craft, large carving workshops and artels were created, many woodcarving masters decorated the palace ensembles of St. Petersburg and Moscow with their art. However, already in the 19th century, the carving skill was completely forgotten, since the development of the Rezchitsa craft was no longer supported by the state.
But the history of woodcarving did not end there - in our time, ancient craftsmanship is reviving, whole schools and groups of arts and crafts appear. Woodcarving is becoming a popular form of folk art and is gaining an increasing number of admirers.
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Each nation has its own culture, way of life, traditions. But all are united by one thing - the desire for beauty. And if the ancient man in the arrangement of housing had the only goal - to hide from the bad weather and wild animals, then with the transition to a settled life, priorities change: the development of science and culture leads to the arrangement of everyday life, housing is decorated. The development of crafts in a particular area depends on the availability of materials and fossils. For example, in the region of the northern seas, where the main industries are fishing and hunting, walrus bone carving appears. Blacksmithing is developing in mountainous regions with large ore reserves. Forested regions are rich in timber. It has long been used for housing construction and home improvement. Finishing field work, the peasants, to while away the long winter evenings, are engaged in woodcarving. Over time, an exciting hobby turns into a main craft.
Many achieve an unprecedented skill in this. The products of masters have the right to compete with the works of famous artists. And why compare? With the help of a simple instrument and imagination, the hands of the master create extraordinary and rare masterpieces from the most ordinary wood. Artistic wood carving is a truly unique phenomenon.
Wood carving: basic types
Over time, this kind of applied art not only did not lose its popularity, but, on the contrary, was developed. Depending on the type of materials used and the method of their processing, new types of woodcarving are distinguished: relief, flat-relief, sculptural, flat-cut and cut. The main difference is the position of the pattern in relation to the surface or background of the work. Each of these types has its own methods of execution, tasks and the final result. Let's dwell on each of them in more detail.
Cutting thread
This is one of the carving methods when the background is completely removed from the canvas. It also has other names: slotted or through-cut woodcarving.
This term accurately describes the woodworking process. Geometric carving and relief are perfectly combined here. This is one of the oldest techniques, it requires a certain skill and dexterity, such as openwork through carving. The technique is as follows: the workpiece is fixed, traced, the main drawing is applied and the holes for the saw are drilled. On the contour, filing is performed and the subsequent preparation of the material for work: chamfering with a chisel and cleaning the workpiece with sandpaper. The effect of airiness, lightness, weightlessness is created. The work is so delicate and graceful that it is sometimes difficult to believe that wood was used.
Flat-relief thread
All types of woodcarving differ in their attitude to the background: it is either absent, or is in the same plane with the pattern, or is recessed a few millimeters inward. The background is the surface of the products, which is decorated geometric figures or floral pattern. In this case, it is removed around the surface of the drawing and cuts 5-7 millimeters deep into the canvas. The work is carried out in such a way that the background and the picture are both in the same plane, but at the same time they look three-dimensional, and in different ones: the picture rises above the background due to indentations along its contour, but at the same time all the details are at the same height. Figures of people, animals and birds, elements of the plant world are usually depicted in this style. It all depends on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe master and the technique of execution. Most often, flat-relief carving is used in architecture and applied arts.
Embossed carving
All types of wood carving require a certain skill and skill. You need to start with the simplest patterns. In order to correctly understand the essence of each element, it is better for a beginner to reproduce more and more complex details from plasticine, and then proceed to wood processing. This also applies to embossed carving.
She is considered to be the most picturesque. It is a pattern carved into wood, finished all over and raised against the background. As an idea, images of flora and fauna, monograms, various symbols, geometric shapes can be used. The quality of the finished product directly depends on the choice of wood. In this case, birch, oak, beech are good to use. Their wood makes it possible to clearly work out every element down to the smallest detail, to clearly define the contours. In this case, the background is cut in order to underestimate all the details of the ornament in relation to the main drawing at all the same points of its parts. Further, in the lowered areas, the ornament is restored. Then the background is selected and polished. This is a rather laborious technique. Therefore, it requires patience and some experience.
Sculptural carving
Considering the main types of woodcarving, one cannot ignore the sculptural one.
This method of processing wood allows you to create three-dimensional images without a background - sculptures that can be viewed from all sides. The technique is used mainly in the process of making souvenirs, toys, household items, for interior decoration.
Flat thread
A distinctive feature of this type of wood processing is the application of an ornament on a flat surface. Depending on the nature of the application of the pattern, this can be a flat-patterned thread, that is, the pattern is displayed in the form of recesses, recesses, and flat-relief, when the ornament protrudes above the surface.
Each of these types is subdivided into several subspecies, among which there are flat-shaped geometric carvings. This type is one of the simplest. It has long been used in the decoration of various household utensils with a flat surface: cutting boards, wooden dishes, furniture. Of the tools, only a jamb knife is used, and geometric shapes are used as a pattern: a square, a rhombus, a triangle, a circle, an oval and their combinations. Interestingly, in ancient times, geometric carving was not used as a simple decoration. Each element was symbolic and served as a talisman.
So, we looked at the main types of wood carving. Of course, this is the material of more than one article. And not even one book. The experience of the craftsmen has been passed down from generation to generation for many centuries. Something, unfortunately, was lost, but something survived, changed and grew into a new industry. And this is already a good sign. It proves once again that this species continues to develop. And today it is no less popular than it was several centuries ago.