World map after global warming. The world after melting glaciers. Water Disaster Scenario

A shortened arctic banquet forces large carnivores, such as polar bears, to approach the centers or live in search of food. In Antarctica, 75% of the population of Adelia penguins may be the same. In Alaska, wolves, for the depletion of Arctic sea ice, are increasingly gathering on the Russian shores with assemblies of 500 animals. The white dove in the Alpine peaks depends on rising temperatures and glacier fragmentation. Even the boar, the most common victim of Andean kittens, is affected by rising temperatures.

Diseases and parasites are also becoming more common. Chilean flamingos are affected by the decline in freshwater Andes lakes. Failure from fossils is an urgent matter. In the mountainous regions of the world and in the arctic and antarctic regions, local residents are afraid of their changing world and consider climate change to be a threat and a possible future nightmare. And these shocks are not going to cover them. Today we can act, today we must act: we have alternatives to ready-made fossil fuels, are renewable and clean sources; Together with the rational and efficient use of energy and materials, we can create and offer all new opportunities.

An island full of fire due to its location over the active area of ​​volcanoes. And thanks to its position just below the polar circle, full of ice and glaciers. The purpose of our small scientific expedition is not a detailed scientific study. The island, where about 450 species of higher plants grow, flies 580 species of mosses and 110 species of birds.

And all this on an underwater breakthrough, which slowly opens its unsightly lava and pushes one part of Iceland to Europe, and another to America. What is really a country where 80% of households heat earthly depths and volcanic origin, mixed with history, is a daily reality and an undeniable future?

Earth - floating plate or broken surface of the Earth

First of all, a little necessary, but not boring theory, which will help clarify the "hot attractiveness" of Iceland. The fact that the Earth is the back of a big turtle in the middle of an unexplored ocean no longer believes anyone. Even the theory that the Earth is a flat plate is no longer what is considered in school. Every child knows a globe or satellite images that show that our planet is more or less round. Not water, but a viscous magnet, which is hidden in the depths of the Earth for several tens of kilometers below the land surface.

It even comes to the surface, and humanity has been observing this phenomenon since its inception. From the initial unspeakable horror, volcanic eruptions and voices of volcanic activity later became the object of intense interest of scientists, and also developed special scientific disciplines, such as volcanology, seismology, geophysics, and many others. "Plates" have their own names, often derived from the continents or geographical areas on them. Like the Eurasian, Caribbean or North American, they have their own names, such as Nazca and Scotland.

All scientists observe 16 areas that are in some movement towards each other. Sometimes they move away from each other, for example, the Eurasian plateau from North America, sometimes hitting each other, and one plunges under the other. This happened about 50 million years ago, when a separate "continent" of India spread to Asia, and the Indian Council began to submit to the Eurasians. The Himalayas were exacerbated by tremendous pressure, and the whole process was still not over. They are more or less static, therefore, if continental or oceanic plates move on them, the volcano occurs in the place where the “hot spot” is located.

When the plate is displaced, another part of the series of volcanoes appears in the direction of movement. This is one of the reasons for the Hawaiian Islands. Logically, if the Earth is round, the approach of the plates on one side should have its opposite at a distance at the opposite end. If, on the one hand, there is a subduction on the other hand, it is necessary to “take the material” somewhere, and the sea floor to expand. There, in the cracks of the generous crust, is a material that pushes apart individual plates and causes endless movement on our mother planet.

Where there are two borders between them, they cause breaks that are volcanically active, they produce a lot of magma and other volcanic materials, and they repel profits. And on the border of tectonic plates, the most active volcanic zones and zones are the most active. There is a central Atlantic accent between Eurasian and North American plaques. And just above one of the branches of this break, named after the Reykjanovskiy Peninsula, is Iceland.

Underlined and numbered, in Iceland is pretty hot. An island full of fire due to its location over this volcanic extremely active area. And sometimes these two incompatible phenomena occur. As described above, Iceland is located on the border of two lithospheric plates. And in a place called the crack of all people, this permanent geological event is obvious. The crack, whose lava walls mainly cover mosses and lichens, is expanding at a rate that is also indicated in this area for the movement of continental shelves through Iceland.

A speed of about 2 cm per year can only be recorded using modern measurement methods, including using satellites and laser measurement methods. The elders and fighters who met in these places to make various decisions were not about increasing the fools of all people, or at a loss. Just like us, who stood under the Rock of Laws and listened to the humor of the Oxarafoss waterfall. And so, although Iceland from Greenland, which is already on the “land” of the United States, is only 280 km away, so geographically it occupies a place in Europe.

And one of the most important historical places is tectonic on two completely different plates. It was one of the biggest eruptions, which is still an example in geology textbooks as a demonstration of underground forces. During the eruption of the Lacagigar volcano, a total of 12 km² of material erupted. The basal current of such measurements has no analogues in history. The soil in the neighborhood turned into a hopelessly unproductive volcanic desert.

Pastor John Steigrimsson ordered his believers to remain in the chapel and pray for salvation. Who knows if it was the firm conviction of honest people or the laws of nature that stopped the lava at the village. But today the chapel has been repaired. And about a mile from her, the basaltic formation was called the church floor. This, like remnants of volcanic activity, although probably an age other than the Lacagigar eruption, only proves a volcanic past and presence here. The floors of the church are one of several hundred protected natural creations, many of which owe their warmth to the earth.

And basalt is a significant phenomenon in modern Icelandic architecture. Often its columnar decay can be traced as a motive in various structures, including sacralism. Find pieces of pure sulfur the size of a human fist is not so rare. And among other things, he served in the manufacture of gunpowder. Who knows how many lighted crisps helped bring her deadly goal during the Thirty Years War. Mofetes and fumaroles attracted us from afar. But by the time the wind and the whirlwind change again, not only the lenses are glasses.

Here nature has a very peculiar sense of humor. We also found a small abandoned potato field. They say that the cultivation of potatoes is impossible. They are said to have grown - but they prepared themselves on the hot, humid ground. The ban on cycling with hot mud was understandable. I also warn you that swimming in warm water is at your own risk.

Here nature not only has a sense of humor here. Near the lake Komarov - Myvatn - the cave of Gzhotanja. It was supposed to be beautiful, and the locals were often used instead of cleaning and relaxing. The whole territory is connected with a magmatic fireplace and the volcanic zone of the nearby Krafla volcano. But nature cannot be controlled, and therefore, regardless of the residents of the nearby Reykyalid settlement, who went swimming in the underground “attached”, the heat flow changed, which was not without consequences. However, this did not prevent us from at least partially trying to clean.

It should be added that only one entrance leads to the cave, therefore in case of an emergency only one retreat. And at the moment of the “general” cleansing, Gzhotanj immediately went dark, because its entrance obscured the bodies of the arriving German tourists. Well, at least they saw what it looked like when the cave was used as a clearing center for the rakejal. In the vicinity of Myvatny, nature has not saved its volcanic creations. Icelanders love her for her usual form. And, perhaps, for her participation in the creation of beautiful lava flows and services that arose during the days of her busy life.

At that time, she poured some of her hot supplies into the lake, and after a few thousand years, she took care of another beautiful beauty. The western half lies on the active volcanic zone, which has been cut through many valleys in the mountains. Even a short, multi-hour trip on the glaciers has its magic. The sense of spice on slippery ice sprouts with a touch of adventure, skipping glacial cracks.

Huge, airy lava dust on the blackened plains hides conquered streams, which can only be raised with a dull fever. In early October, strong volcanic activity grew in the subglacial area. Glaciologists pay attention to the danger of the "ice storm". The Caldar of the Greensvotn volcano is overflowing with molten water from ice and a canyon 10 km long is cut through. Sedimentary column reached 10 kilometers above the surface of the glacier.