Immediately it is necessary to make a reservation that scientists by hook or by crook hide this information in every possible way, since it does not at all fit into the foundations of the world that history textbooks describe to us from childhood.
For a long time, burial sites have been found on the planet, and more often the remains of dead giant people. They are dug up all over the world, both on land and under water in the seas and oceans. Another confirmation of this is the find in Yakutia.
A group of independent researchers have been dealing with this issue for many years and have formed a true picture of what actually happened on our planet 12-20,000 years ago. But this is not so long ago! The growth of the giants during their lifetime ranged from 4 to 12 meters, in addition to great physical strength, they had phenomenal mental abilities. Isn't this the mysterious Atlantean civilization that some consider mythical, while others really existed and perished?
So, researchers argue that it was this civilization of giants that built the pyramids not only in Egypt, but throughout the entire planet, the total number of pyramids erected by them is more than 600. Moreover, the construction was carried out in a strictly specified geometry. The pyramids were erected without using any slave of power using a simple technology that is used now, this is an ordinary formwork, that is, the blocks were not moved a long distance, but were poured into wooden forms with a strong concrete composition!
And their purpose was energetic and associated with cosmic energy, the use of which is still unknown to us. It was only later that another civilization of people, in particular, the Egyptians began to worship the most high gods, who built pyramids and made tombs of them for the pharaohs, this is already a religion and a separate topic. As you can imagine, the Egyptians themselves did not build pyramids!
The most interesting question is why such giants could exist and why they died !?
The fact is that scientists are expressing a version of four moons, and the gravity on the planet was completely different and the atmospheric pressure was different, under such physical conditions, giant people could feel great and live an exorbitantly long time. And the death was caused by a catastrophe, the fall of three moons to the surface of the earth.
But researchers refute this theory, because imagine what will happen if at least now our moon approaches our planet this is not the end of the world, but simply its death. So there is an opinion that in fact the gravity on the planet was different, and around the earth there was a belt of ice asteroids, like rings around Saturn.
Therefore, the planet was extremely enriched with oxygen, which gave a strong impetus to the development of not only giant people, but also the animal world. But as a result of the change in the poles and other cosmic changes, the ice belt fell to the ground with a flurry of water, which led to the death of this civilization, and accordingly climate change already close in physics to ours today. 
Below we give facts about the existence of giants:
1. In 1979, in Megalong Vzli in the Blue Mountains, local residents found a huge stone sticking out above the surface of the stream, on which the imprint of a part of a huge foot with five toes was visible. The transverse size of the fingers was seventeen centimeters. If the print had survived in its entirety, it would have been 60 centimeters long. It follows that the imprint was left by a person six meters tall.
2. Ivan Sanderson, a renowned zoologist with a worldwide reputation, once shared an interesting story about a letter he received from a certain Alan Makshear. The author of the letter in 1950 worked as a bulldozer on the construction of a road in Alaska and reported that workers found in one of the burial mounds two huge fossilized skulls, vertebrae and leg bones. The skulls reached 58 cm in height and 30 cm in width. Ancient giants had double rows of teeth and disproportionately flat heads. The vertebrae, like the skulls, were three times larger than that of modern humans. The length of the shin bones ranged from 150 to 180 centimeters
3. In 1899, miners from the Ruhr region in Germany discovered fossilized skeletons of people ranging in height from 210 to 240 centimeters.
4. In South Africa, at diamond mining in 1950, a fragment of a huge skull 45 centimeters high was discovered. Above the brow ridges were two strange protrusions that looked like small horns. Anthropologists, in whose hands the find fell, determined the age of the skull - about nine million years.
In a variety of sources there is a lot of documentary information about the giants. Here are some of them.
5. In South Africa on the Okovango River, aborigines talk about the giants who lived in the past in these places. One of their legends says that “the giants were endowed with incredible power. With one hand, they blocked the flow of rivers. Their voices were so loud that they came from one village to another. When one of the giants coughed, the birds were blown away as if by the wind.
6. On the hunt, they walked hundreds of kilometers in a day, and killed elephants and hippos were easily thrown on their shoulders and carried home. Their weapons were bows made from the trunks of palm trees. Even the earth could hardly bear them. "
7. And Inca legends say that during the reign of the Inca XII Ayatarko Kuso, people of such enormous stature arrived from the ocean on huge reed rafts into the country that even the tallest Indian reached them only to their knees. Their hair fell over their shoulders and their faces were beardless.
8. Some of them wore animal skins, others went completely naked. Moving along the coast, they devastated the country - after all, each of them ate more at a time than 50 people could eat!
9. On one of the adobe tablets of ancient Babylon it is said that the priests of the Babylonian state received all the astronomical knowledge from the giants who lived in South Asia over 4 meters tall.
10. Ibn Fadlan, an Arab traveler who lived a thousand years ago, saw a six-meter skeleton of a man, which was shown to him by the subjects of the Khazar king. A skeleton of the same size, being in Switzerland in the museum of the city of Lucerne, was seen by the Russian classic writers Turgenev and Korolenko. They were told that these enormous bones were discovered in 1577 in a mountain cave by the physician Felix Platner.
11. Only the four- or six-meter giants were not the most gigantic. Conquering America, the Spaniards allegedly found a skeleton as high as 20 meters in one of the Aztec temples. This is the scale of the giants. The Spaniards sent it as a gift to the Pope. And a certain Whitney, who served as the chief archaeologist for the US government in the early 19th century, examined a skull two meters in diameter. He was found in one of the mines in Ohio.
12. Obvious evidence of the existence of giants is the prints of their huge feet. The most famous one is located in South Africa. It was found by a local farmer Stoffel Kötzi at the beginning of the last century. The "left footprint" is imprinted into an almost vertical wall to a depth of about 12 centimeters. Its length is 1 meter 28 centimeters. It is believed that the owner of enormous growth came when the breed was soft. Then it froze, turned into granite and stood upright due to geological processes.
13. One thing is surprising: why are giant human bones not exhibited in any museum in the world? The only answer given by some scientists is that they specially hid unique finds, otherwise Darwin's theory of evolution would have completely collapsed and would have had to change views on the entire history of mankind and its appearance on earth.
Why did we grind it?
Dr. Karl Bohm believes that in the distant past, natural conditions favored increased human growth, and then they changed dramatically, and people "shrunk".
"Optimal genetic development," Bohm says, "is when everything in the body's DNA develops entirely through favorable atmospheric conditions." In his opinion, before the Flood, the ozone layer was much thicker, and after that only one seventh of it remained. A decrease in the ozone layer has led to a weakening of protection from solar radiation, which has affected both plants and animals, and, naturally, humans. 
What are the Egyptian pyramids?
Perhaps the most famous form of late prehistoric art, the pyramids of Ancient Egypt are the world's largest burial structures or tombs. Created from the tomb of the mastaba, they are one of the most enduring symbols of Egyptian art in general and Egyptian architecture in particular. The ancient Egyptians believed in an eternal afterlife and the purpose of the pyramids was to protect the body of the pharaoh and all the things he would need after death to facilitate his transition to the afterlife. Thus, each pyramid usually contained many Egyptian sculptures, murals, jewelry, and other forms of ancient art needed to sustain the deceased in their afterlife. To date, about 140 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt, most of which were built as tombs for the country's pharaohs and their spouses during the periods of the Old and Middle Kingdom (2650-1650). The oldest known Egyptian pyramids are located at Saqqara, near Memphis, south of the Nile Delta. The earliest of these is Djoser's pyramid (built around 2630 in Sakkara), which was designed during the third dynasty by the famous architect Imhotep (active ca. 2600-2610 BC). The highest was Great Pyramid of Giza (c. 2565), which Antipater of Sidon called one of the seven wonders of the world and is currently the only survivor of the "miracles". Exactly how many paid laborers were required to cut, transport, and erect the stone megaliths from which each pyramid was built is unknown, although estimates range from 30,000 to 300,000. However, the enormous resources required to create such colossal pieces of ancient architecture show how rich and well-organized Egyptian society was in the third millennium BC.
How did Egyptian architecture develop before the construction of the pyramids?
The architectural design of the pyramids was a reflection of both politics and religious customs. Until 3000 BC Ancient Egypt was actually two countries with two burial traditions. In Lower Egypt (in the north), the country was wet and level, and the dead were buried under their family home, which was usually built on a hill. In Upper Egypt (in the south), the dead were buried far from settlements, in dry sand at the edge of the desert. The mound was usually erected over the grave. As dwellings and burial places were closer, in the period from 3000 to 2700, nobles were usually buried in a simple tomb called a mastaba. It was a simple tomb, consisting of a rectangular structure with a flat roof made of mud bricks, with slightly sloping walls, inside which a deep burial chamber was dug into the ground, lined with stone or brick. After some time, the flat roof of the above ground building was replaced by a pyramidal structure. Finally, the idea came - conceived by Imhotep - to stack the mastabas one on top of the other, forming a series of "steps" that diminished in size towards the top, thus creating the familiar design of a stepped pyramid. Not all pyramid designs have been successful. The architects hired by King Snefru built three pyramids: the first one, pyramid in Meidum, collapsed in antiquity; second, curved pyramid, had a radically changed angle in the middle of its structure; only the third, red pyramid proved to be successful.
What is the history of the Egyptian pyramids?
The next phase of construction, which took place in the subsequent architecture era of the Egyptian New Kingdom (1550-1069), focused on the construction of temples. Egyptian pharaohs were no longer buried in pyramids, but in burial temples located in the Valley of the Kings on the western bank of the Nile opposite Thebes. A revival of pyramid building occurred in the subsequent period of late Egyptian architecture (c. 664-30 BC). During the Napata era in neighboring Sudan (c. 700-661 BC), a number of pyramids were built under the influence of Egyptian architects. Later, during the time of the Sudanese Kingdom of Meroe (c. 300 BC - 300 AD), more than two hundred pyramidal burial structures were built. For more information on the Hellenistic period (323-27 BC) see: Greek art. For information on construction methods in ancient Rome, please see: Roman Architecture (c. 400 BC - 400 AD).
What were the main characteristics of the pyramid?
The early pyramids were built differently from the later ones. For example, the monumental pyramids of the Old Kingdom were built from stone blocks, while the pyramids of the late Middle Kingdom were smaller and were generally made of mud bricks faced with limestone. Early structures usually had a core of local limestone, covered with an outer layer of better quality limestone or sometimes granite. Granite was also traditionally used for royal halls inside the pyramid. For the construction of one pyramid, up to 2.5 million limestone blocks and up to 50 thousand granite blocks could be used. The average weight can be up to 2.5 tons per block, and some very large megaliths weigh up to 200 tons. The keystone at the top of the structure was usually basalt or granite and, if covered with gold, silver, or electrum (a mixture of both), can dazzle observers with its reflection of the sun. Based on excavations of a number of workers' cemeteries discovered in the early 1990s, archaeologists now believe that the pyramids were built by tens of thousands of wage laborers and artisans who were housed in huge camps nearby.
Deep inside each pyramid was the main chamber, which contained the mummified body of the dead pharaoh, placed in a precious sarcophagus. In addition, as noted, a huge number of artifacts were buried with him to support him in the afterlife, as well as monuments to the dead man himself: for example, inside Pyramids of Khafre there were over 52 life-size statues. In addition, fictitious passages were dug to prevent subsequent desecration of the tomb and theft of valuables.
All Egyptian pyramids were built on the west bank of the Nile, where the sun sets, in accordance with the official religious doctrine regarding the kingdom of the dead. (The pharaoh's soul was supposedly connected to the sun during his descent, before continuing his eternal journey with him.) Most of the pyramids were lined with polished white limestone (much of which has now been stolen) to give them a shiny reflective look from a distance. Curved pyramid in Dahshur, one of the few that still retains some of its original limestone cover. They were located relatively close to the Nile, which facilitated the delivery of stone from quarries near Heliopolis by river.
The pharaohs - along with their architects, engineers, and construction supervisor - usually started building their own pyramid as soon as they ascended the throne. The two main factors that determined the location of the pyramid during the Old Kingdom included its orientation to the western horizon (where the sun was setting) and its proximity to Memphis, the country's key city in the third millennium.
The most famous Egyptian pyramids
Pyramid of Djoser (about 2630) (Saqqara)
Built in the Sakkara necropolis, northwest of Memphis, it is the centerpiece of a huge complex, bordered on all sides by a 33-foot wall of light-colored Tours limestone. Marked as the first monumental structure of stone and the most famous "stepped" Egyptian pyramid, its original height was approximately 203 feet (62 meters). It was faced with polished white limestone.
Bent pyramid (c. 2600) (Dakhshur)
This peculiar structure, called the curved, blunt or diamond-shaped pyramid and formerly also known as the southern glowing pyramid, is located in the royal necropolis of Dakhshur, south of Cairo. Approximately 320 feet (98 meters) high, next to the second pyramid erected by the ruler of Snefru. A kind of flexible pyramid hybrid with stepped and smooth sides, the only one whose original polished limestone cladding remained intact.
Red Pyramid (c. 2600) (Dakhshur)
Named after a red stone, 341 feet high, it is the largest of three important pyramids at the Dakhshur necropolis and the third largest after those at Khufu and Khafre at Giza. Experts also consider it the world's first "true" smooth pyramid. Ironically, it was not always red because - like almost all pyramids - it was originally faced with the white Tura limestone. It was the third pyramid built by Pharaoh Snefru and took 10 to 17 years to build.
Pyramid of Khufu / Cheops (about 2565) (Giza)
Built by Pharaoh Khufu, son of Pharaoh Snefru, the pyramid of Khufu (in Greek: Cheops) is known as the Great Pyramid of Giza. It is the oldest and largest of the three tombs in the Giza necropolis. Approximately 4,806 feet (146 meters) high, it was the tallest man-made structure in the world for nearly four millennia. According to eminent Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie, it was built from approximately 2,400,000 limestone blocks, each weighing 2.5 tons. It took about 20 years to build it. Most of the rough interior blocks were quarried locally, but the granite for the Pharaoh's chambers came from quarries at Aswan, about 500 miles from Giza. In addition to about 6 million tons of limestone, the Khufu pyramid used 8,000 tons of granite and about 500,000 tons of mortar.
Pyramid of Djedefre (about 2555) (Abu Ravash)
Now in ruins, mostly (believed to be) because it was dismantled by Roman builders who wanted to use the stone for their own building projects elsewhere in Egypt, this pyramid at Abu Rawash was built by Djedefre, the son of Pharaoh Khufu. It is the northernmost pyramid of Egypt and is believed to have been similar in size to the Menkaur pyramid at Giza, although some evidence suggests it may have been the tallest of all. Originally known as the "Starry Sky of Jedefre", according to Egyptologists, its outer layer of polished granite and limestone made it one of the most beautiful pyramids.
Pyramid of Khafre (about 2545) (Giza)
Rising 448 feet, this pyramid, also called the Shefren pyramid, is the second largest structure in the Giza necropolis, and because it sits on a slightly elevated stone base, it looks like it is taller than the pyramid of Khufu (Cheops). Also made from blocks of Tura limestone, the largest of which weighed an estimated 400 tons, its outer hull was dismantled during the Egyptian New Kingdom era by Ramses II to provide a supply of stone for the construction of the temple at Heliopolis. To the east of the pyramid is a conventional burial temple with an adjustable entrance hall, a columned courtyard, five rooms for a pharaoh statue, five storage chambers, and an inner sanctuary.
Menkaur pyramid (about 2520) (Giza)
It is the third and last of the famous pyramids at Giza, located southwest of Cairo. The smallest of the three, it originally stood at roughly 215 feet (65.5 meters) and, like the others, is made of limestone and granite. It served as the tomb of Pharaoh Menkaur, who, according to ancient historians such as Herodotus, was a kind and enlightened ruler. Inside the pyramid, archaeologists have found a large number of stone sculptures depicting the pharaoh in the traditional style of Egyptian naturalism, as well as a magnificent basalt sarcophagus that may have contained the remains of Menkaur. Unfortunately, the ship carrying him to England sank off the island of Malta.
Construction: how were the pyramids built?
Egyptologists remain unresolved as to the exact construction method used to create the pyramids. In particular, experts disagree on the method by which the stones were transported and placed (rollers, different types of ramps or leverage systems), as well as the type of labor used (slaves or paid workers, and if they were paid, they were given a salary or tax credit). Whatever the precise construction method, the results were extraordinary. For example, the Great Pyramid of Giza was built to extremely precise dimensions - a sheet of paper barely fits between the stones - and aligned to within a fraction of an inch across the entire 13-acre base. The latest construction techniques and laser alignment techniques could hardly be better. One of the reasons why the Egyptian pyramids are such an amazing example of megalithic art, and why they are among the greatest works in art history.
The 10-year-old obsession of the French architect made it possible to reveal a new, most realistic (true) theory of the construction of the Cheops pyramid. In the 2013 film, he shows how the outer ramp was arranged, along which the blocks were climbed, and proves its existence in place. This is one of the best pyramid building movies on Youtube.
How do I move heavy stone blocks?
One of the main difficulties faced by the early pyramid builders was how to move huge amounts of heavy stone blocks. It looks like this problem was solved using methods that included the following items. For starters, the stone blocks were oiled to facilitate movement. In addition, based on the excavation of artifacts from certain temples, it appears that the builders used a cradle-like machine to help roll the stones. This technique has been validated in tests conducted by Obayashi Corporation using 2.5 ton concrete blocks, which has proven that 18 people can pull a block up an inclined plane at a 1/4 (height to length) ratio at a speed of approximately 60 feet in minute. However, this method does not work for heavier blocks in the 15-80 ton weight range. Greek architecture borrows heavily from Egyptian building technology.
What equipment was used to build the pyramids?
In 1997, experts joined forces to conduct an experiment to build a pyramid for a television program. In three weeks, they erected a pyramid 20 feet high and 30 feet wide using 186 stones, each of which weighed about 2.2 tons. The project required 44 people using iron hammers, chisels and levers. Note: Experiments with brass tools have shown that they are a viable alternative to iron tools, but would require an additional 20 people to maintain their sharpness. In addition to the "iron" tools, a forklift truck was used, but no other modern equipment was allowed. Levers were used to turn and roll stones weighing up to 1 ton, while large stones were towed by a wooden sled by a crew of 12 to 20 people.
How many workers were used to build the Egyptian pyramids?
Consultants Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenhall, in collaboration with Egyptologists, estimate that the Great Pyramid of Giza was built using an average workforce of approximately 14,500 - sometimes reaching a peak workforce of 40,000 - in about ten years without using iron tools, pulleys or wheels. They calculated that such a workforce could maintain a work rate of 180 blocks per hour with a 10-hour workday: calculations based on data taken from modern construction projects done in the third world, without modern equipment.
In the area of \u200b\u200bSaqqara, not far from the ruins of the ancient Egyptian city of Memphis, among the 12 royal pyramids, is the oldest pyramid of Egypt. This pyramid is one of the most impressive ancient monuments. The reason for this is not only her grandeur, but also her age - and he is more than impressive. The six-step pyramid of Djoser is more than 4,700 years old today. So what are the secrets hiding this grandiose structure?
The pyramid of Djoser is considered the forerunner of all the Egyptian pyramids that have survived to date, those that were created in Ancient Egypt, including the three pyramids on the Giza plateau - Cheops, Khephren and Mikkerin. For obvious reasons, it is impossible to find out the exact date of the construction of the pyramid, but it is believed that it was erected around 2650 BC as a burial temple for the family of the first pharaoh of the III dynasty of the Ancient Kingdom of Djoser.
This pyramid consists of six steps, but the hot, dry desert wind blunted its sharp edges long ago, and several hundred generations of robbers, destroyers and even ordinary residents who needed building material for their own homes, removed the once magnificently polished cladding from it. Now this structure no longer shines in the rays of the sun, it seems to grow directly from the sand and is one with it.
To imagine the size of the Djoser pyramid, imagine three ordinary 9-storey buildings, standing on top of each other - this will be the width of the base. The length is four 9-storey buildings. The pyramid rises almost 60 meters in height. It is a huge giant that rests on a solid limestone rock. A whole labyrinth of wide and narrow corridors, the total length of which is almost a kilometer, is built inside this mighty structure.
In that distant 2650, the order for the construction of this pyramid was given by Imhotep. At first, he planned to create a simple one-level tomb, of which there were quite a few at that moment, but over time his decision changed - he ordered to build a multi-stage pyramid so that Djoser's soul could rise from the earth straight to heaven through these steps.
Today, the pyramid of Djoser is the oldest Egyptian pyramid, so it is not surprising that millions of tourists come to it every year. For so many years it has stood on the ground, in such harsh conditions, and at the same time, it is still not only well preserved, but also still impressive in its shape and size.
The most mysterious thing about the Djoser pyramid is that scientists still have not found a single text, no documents at all, describing its construction. With all the abundance of artifacts, there is not a single written evidence of how exactly this complex was built. Therefore, we still do not know why Imhotep used not bricks and clay (which would be much more convenient), but huge massive stones, which today are not so easy to carry and install. Experts believe that for the construction of the pyramid, apparently, special slopes were used - with their help, at least, it would be possible to put the stones in place, and then, apparently, the workers fixed them in place.
Inside the pyramid, Imhotep ordered the construction of 11 burial chambers - so that there would be enough for all members of the pharaoh's family. It is interesting that when archaeologists dug up the inner chambers of the pyramid, they found the wives of the pharaoh, his children, but the mummy of Djoser was not there. Also, almost all the jewels and sacred objects with which he was buried have disappeared.
We can only guess how many people have been inside this structure before it was recorded in writing. All we know for sure is that between 1798 and 1801, Napoleon's men were here. They found this pyramid during their Egyptian campaign.
If you enter the pyramid, the visitor will first see a tunnel with columns, and then a labyrinth of many small rooms and tunnels, which are gradually taken 28 meters underground. According to the ideas about the world order of that time, the entrance to all structures, including the pyramid itself, was made from the north side.
Of course, scientists would love to find at least some documents as to why the pyramid was built this way and not otherwise. Why was it necessary to take huge heavy stones, if other pyramids of that time were quite successfully built from smaller bricks. Why is the structure of the corridors exactly the same and not different? Scientists can only speculate. So, for example, in the encyclopedia ancient history Egyptologist Miroslav Werner suggested the following: “A simple but effective construction method was used. The masonry was laid not vertically, but along the slopes towards the middle of the pyramid, which increased its structural stability. "
In other words, Imhotep apparently wanted this entire complex to be not just a royal tomb, but a monumental structure that would leave a mark on history. And I must admit that thanks to unique ideas and a far-sighted approach to construction, Imhotep really succeeded.
Even today, the architecture of all the Egyptian pyramids amazes both professionals and ordinary visitors. Perhaps ignorance of all their mysteries is for the better, at least it adds even more charm and mystery to them.
If you are interested in the mysteries of the history of Ancient Egypt, read another on this topic.
By materials thevintagenews.com
The number of unsolved mysteries on our planet is getting smaller every year. Constant improvement of technology, cooperation of scientists from various fields of science reveals to us the secrets and mysteries of history. But the secrets of the pyramids still defy understanding - all discoveries give scientists only tentative answers to many questions. Who built the Egyptian pyramids, what was the construction technology, is there a curse of the pharaohs - these and many other questions still remain without an exact answer.
Description of the Egyptian pyramids
Archaeologists say about 118 pyramids in Egypt, partially or completely preserved to our time. Their age is from 4 to 10 thousand years. One of them - Cheops - is the only surviving "miracle" from the "Seven Wonders of the World". The complex called "Great Pyramids of Giza", which includes and, was also considered as a participant in the "New Seven Wonders of the World" competition, but it was withdrawn from participation, since these majestic structures are actually a "wonder of the world" in the ancient list. 
These pyramids have become the most visited sightseeing sites in Egypt. They have been perfectly preserved, which cannot be said about many other structures - time has not been kind to them. And the locals also contributed to the destruction of the majestic necropolises, removing the cladding and breaking stones from the walls to build their homes. 
The Egyptian pyramids were built by the pharaohs who ruled from the XXVII century BC. e. and later. They were intended for the repose of the rulers. The huge scale of the tombs (some - up to almost 150 m) were supposed to testify to the greatness of the buried pharaohs; here were also things that the ruler loved during his lifetime and which would be useful to him in the afterlife. 
For the construction, stone blocks of various sizes were used, which were hollowed out of the rocks, and later brick became the material for the walls. Stone blocks were turned and adjusted so that a knife blade could not slip between them. The blocks were stacked on top of each other with an offset of several centimeters, which formed a stepped surface of the structure. Almost all Egyptian pyramids have a square base, the sides of which are oriented strictly to the cardinal points. 
Since the pyramids performed the same function, that is, they served as the burial place of the pharaohs, then inside the structure and decoration they are similar. The main component is the burial hall, where the ruler's sarcophagus was installed. The entrance was not arranged at ground level, but several meters higher, and was masked by facing plates. From the entrance to the inner hall there were staircases and passages-corridors, which sometimes narrow so much that it is possible to walk along them only squatting or crawling. 
In most necropolises, burial chambers (chambers) are located below ground level. Ventilation was carried out through narrow shafts-channels, which permeate the walls. Rock paintings and ancient religious texts are found on the walls of many pyramids - in fact, from them scientists get some of the information about the construction and owners of burials. 
The main mysteries of the pyramids
The list of unsolved mysteries begins with the shape of the necropolises. Why was the pyramid shape chosen, which is translated from Greek as "polyhedron"? Why were the faces located clearly on the cardinal points? How did the huge stone blocks move from the mining site and how were they raised to great heights? Were the buildings erected by aliens or people who own a magic crystal? 
Scientists even argue over the question of who built such tall monumental structures that have stood for millennia. Some believe they were built by slaves who died in hundreds of thousands each building. However, new discoveries by archaeologists and anthropologists convince that the builders were free people who received good food and medical care. They made such conclusions based on the composition of the bones, the structure of the skeletons and the cured injuries of the buried builders. 
All the deaths and deaths of people involved in the study of the Egyptian pyramids were attributed to mystical coincidences, which provoked rumors and talk about the curse of the pharaohs. There is no scientific evidence for this. Perhaps the rumors were started to scare away thieves and looters who want to find valuable things and jewelry in the graves. 
To the mysterious interesting facts can be attributed to the tight timing of the construction of the Egyptian pyramids. According to calculations, large necropolises with that level of technology should have been built in at least a century. How, for example, was the Cheops pyramid built in just 20 years? 
Great Pyramids
This is the name of the burial complex near the city of Giza, consisting of three large pyramids, a huge statue of the Sphinx and small satellite pyramids, probably intended for the wives of the rulers. 
The original height of the Cheops pyramid was 146 m, the side length was 230 m. Built in 20 years in the XXVI century BC. e. The largest of the Egyptian landmarks has not one but three burial halls. One is below ground level, and two are above the baseline. Intertwining passageways lead to the burial chambers. On them you can go to the chamber of the pharaoh (king), to the chamber of the queen and to the lower hall. The pharaoh's chamber is a pink granite chamber with dimensions of 10x5 m. It has a granite sarcophagus without a lid. None of the scientists' reports contained information about the mummies found, so it is not known whether Cheops was buried here. By the way, the mummy of Cheops was not found in other tombs either. 
It still remains a mystery whether the Cheops pyramid was used for its intended purpose, and if so, then apparently it was plundered by marauders in the past centuries. The name of the ruler, by whose order and project this tomb was built, was learned from the drawings and hieroglyphs above the burial chamber. All other Egyptian pyramids, with the exception of Djoser, have a simpler engineering structure. 
Two other necropolises in Giza, built for the heirs of Cheops, are somewhat more modest in size:
Tourists come to Giza from all over Egypt, because this city is actually a suburb of Cairo, and all transport interchanges lead to it. Travelers from Russia usually travel to Giza as part of excursion groups from Sharm el-Sheikh and Hurghada. The trip is long, 6-8 hours one way, so the tour is usually designed for 2 days. 
The great structures are accessible only during working hours, usually until 5 pm, in the month of Ramadan - until 3 pm. It is not recommended to go inside for asthmatics, as well as for people suffering from claustrophobia, nervous and cardiovascular diseases. You must take drinking water and hats with you on the excursion. The excursion fee consists of several parts:
- Entrance to the complex.
- The entrance to the inside of the pyramid of Cheops or Khafre.
- Entrance to the Museum of the Solar Boat, on which the body of the pharaoh was transported across the Nile.
Against the background of the Egyptian pyramids, many people like to take photos, sitting on camels. You can bargain with camel owners.
Djoser's pyramid
The first pyramid in the world is located in Saqqara, near Memphis, the former capital of Ancient Egypt. Today, the pyramid of Djoser is not as attractive to tourists as the necropolis of Cheops, but at one time it was the largest in the country and the most complex in terms of engineering design. 
The burial complex included chapels, courtyards, and storage facilities. The six-step pyramid itself has not a square base, but a rectangular one, with sides 125x110 m. The height of the structure itself is 60 m, there are 12 burial chambers inside it, where Djoser himself and his family members were supposedly buried. The mummy of the pharaoh was not found during excavations. The entire territory of the complex of 15 hectares was surrounded by a stone wall 10 m high. Currently, part of the wall and other buildings have been restored, and the pyramid, whose age is approaching 4700 years, has been preserved quite well.
The Egyptian pyramids are one of the most incredible legacies of bygone eras. There is still a debate about how exactly they were created. Someone points to the skill of the ancient inhabitants, but some are seriously talking about the intervention of "aliens".
What the ancients left behind
The pyramids of Ancient Egypt need no introduction. And yet, remember when they appeared and what exactly they are. These majestic objects did not appear overnight. First, the ancient Egyptians built the so-called mastabas, which are also called "houses after life." Outwardly, the mastaba resembles the lower part of the familiar pyramid. Such structures appeared in the Early Kingdom - the very first dynastic period of Ancient Egypt, which lasted from 3120 to 2649 BC. e. As you might have guessed, the mastabs played the role of tombs for the kings. There was a chamber with a mummy under the ground, and the ground part was a kind of monument.
Pyramids are not Egyptian know-how. Similar objects were found on the territory of modern Mexico, Indonesia, China and many other regions and countries. Most often they served as temples or monuments. Such objects are being built in modern world: you can remember, for example, the famous glass pyramid of the French Louvre.
Tomb of King Changsu. Jian, China (491)
Time passed, one epoch followed another, and each of the kings wanted to perpetuate their reign with the most grandiose monument possible. This was done not only for beauty: the ancient Egyptians believed in life after death. And the pyramid, being in fact a giant tomb, “guarded” the peace of the deceased king. The apotheosis was the pyramid of Cheops, which is one of the seven wonders of the world. Built in honor of the second pharaoh of the IV dynasty of the Ancient Kingdom of Egypt, Cheops, the object had an initial height of 146 meters: to make it clear, the height of a typical residential building of 16 floors is some “pathetic” 50 meters. More than three thousand years since the end of construction, the pyramid remained the tallest building on Earth. Only an advanced civilization could create such an object ...
Conspiracy and reality
Paleokontakt - this is what the hypothesis is called, according to which in ancient times aliens visited us. According to this guess, they left their knowledge to primitive people and helped them to develop to a higher level. Some even argue that "the aliens built the pyramids themselves."
We know that the Cheops pyramid consists of numerous heavy blocks of granite and limestone. Simply put, one stone was placed on top of another. Paradox: the builders of the pyramid, which stood for millennia, used a simple and primitive method. Would aliens who managed to overcome the path from one star to another use such technology? Probably not. They would use, for example, monolithic reinforced concrete, as they have done since the beginning of the 20th century. Well, or even more "advanced" methods.
And there is also an opinion that the "alien ships", and the "aliens" themselves, are captured on numerous hieroglyphs. To modern man such images really seem strange. But what, for example, will our distant descendants think when (and if) they see the creations of abstract artists and surrealists? Will they not see the same "monsters" and "aliens" in the pictures? But you need to understand that the culture of Ancient Egypt was very ... specific. There were many different deities and to a person living in the 21st century, they will certainly seem strange and mysterious.
Simply put, the researchers do not consider the version of the construction of the pyramids by some extraterrestrial civilization. The secrets, however, do not diminish from this.
Holes were made in the limestone massif - pits. Wooden wedges were driven into them, which were then filled with water. When the wedges swell, pieces fell off the block, which were then processed and dragged to the pyramid.
Experimentally, it was determined that two-ton blocks can be moved upward using wooden runners sliding along the flooring (also made of wood). To transport such a unit, 12-20 people are required.
Combining various simple devices, the ancient workers lifted blocks higher and higher. Here you need to take into account that the upper structural elements of the pyramid are smaller and lighter than the lower ones.
A plumb line is a device consisting of a thin thread and a weight, used for vertical alignment of surfaces (walls, pillars, etc.)
Scientists argue
The exact construction technology of the Egyptian pyramids is still unknown. Questions relate to very smooth cylindrical holes in the stone, perfect masonry, and much more.
The difficulty lies in the fact that today only one written source has survived, telling about the construction of the pyramids. This is the second book of "History" written by the ancient Greek Herodotus: he visited Egypt in about 450 BC. e. An ancient Greek researcher describes the creation of the pyramid: “Some were obliged to drag huge blocks of stones from quarries in the Arabian mountains to the Nile (stones were transported across the river by ships), while others were ordered to drag them further to the so-called Libyan mountains. One hundred thousand people performed this work continuously, changing every three months. It took ten years for the exhausted people to build the road along which these boulders were dragged - the work, in my opinion, is almost as huge as the construction of the pyramid itself. After all, the road was five stages long (about one kilometer), and ten orgies wide (20 meters), in the highest place eight orgies high (16 meters), built of hewn stones with figures carved on them ... The pyramid is built like this. At first, it goes in the form of a staircase with ledges, which others call platforms, or steps. After the first stones were laid, the rest were raised using platforms made of short beams. So they raised stones from the ground to the first step of the stairs. There they laid a stone on another platform; from the first step they were dragged to the second platform, with the help of which they were lifted to the second step. As there were rows of steps, there were so many lifting devices. Perhaps, however, there was only one lifting device, which, after lifting the stone, was easily transferred to the next stage. After all, I was informed about both methods - that's why I bring them ... "
Abydos hieroglyphs (Temple of Osiris, Abydos city). Drawings of a "helicopter", "submarine" and "glider" in an ancient cave excited the public in 1997, and supporters of paleocontact received "irrefutable" evidence of a visit to Earth by a developed civilization in antiquity. However, a scientific analysis of the hieroglyphs showed that these are the partially destroyed names and titles of the pharaoh who completed the construction of the temple.
As you can see, the "History" of Herodotus does not give a complete understanding of how the pyramids were built. But we can draw some conclusions based on new data. One thing is certain: first the builders had to split the limestone to get the block. Scientists believe that for this, holes were made in the limestone massif - pits. Wooden wedges were driven into them, which were then filled with water. When the wedges swell, pieces fell off the block, which were then processed and dragged to the pyramid.
A chemist from France suggested his version Joseph Davidovich... After analyzing the ancient Egyptian slabs, he found that they contain 13 components, which, in his opinion, are not present in the surrounding stone quarries. In other words, it is possible that the Egyptians did not cut off pieces of limestone, but crushed it, after which they made a concrete mixture with various additives (which were found by Davidovich). This beautiful theory, however, was accepted by the scientific community "with hostility", and the new results refuted the "concrete" version.
How did the workers drag the huge boulders?
On one of the Egyptian frescoes of the XII dynasty, you can see a sled-drag. Scientists have calculated that if you use such a device, and also pre-pour water on the road, then only 8 workers are needed to move a block weighing 2,750 kg. Not so much by the standards of a mighty state. Here and slaves are not needed, and the Egyptians themselves were happy to serve the fatherland. "The pyramids were erected by young men who had excellent nutrition and access to good medical care, because they worked for the good of society," says American archaeologist Richard Redding. In total, according to scientists, from 30 to 50 thousand people were employed in the construction of the Cheops pyramid. And the construction site itself could take several decades.
Of course, the blocks should not only be brought to the construction site, they should also be laid. Scientists made calculations and it turned out that the total weight of the stone blocks of the Cheops pyramid is almost 6.5 million tons! The work is truly incredibly difficult. But, obviously, the ancient Egyptians did not have any miraculous devices (revolutionary taps, etc.). In any case, we do not know about them. Most likely, special decks, embankments and ropes were used to lift the blocks.
Back in the 90s, archaeologist Mark Lehner and engineer Roger Hopkins experimentally determined that two-ton blocks can be moved upward using wooden runners sliding along the deck (also made of wood). It will take 12-20 people to transport such a unit. Combining various simple devices, ancient workers lifted blocks higher and higher. Here it is necessary to take into account that the upper structural elements of the pyramid are smaller and lighter than the lower ones: by the way, perhaps that is why the tombs were built in the form of pyramids.
What is the secret of such a precise fit of limestone blocks? And here, too, you can do without theories about aliens. Over the past millennia, the slabs, under the weight of their own gravity, adjoined each other more and more tightly. And now the pyramids seem to us monolithic: as if some unknown high technologies were used to create them.
It turns out that the pyramids could have been built by ancient people and no "supernatural" devices were required for this. This, however, does not detract from the merits of the creators of the Egyptian pyramids. And perhaps they will amaze our imagination for many millennia.