Spray drawing
spray paint is not just graffiti, which is painting on vertical surfaces. Recently, an amazing technique calledspray paint(or spray paintart) - spray drawingswhich are applied on cardboard, wood, special thick paper.
Actually drawing cans - This is the “scion” of airbrushing, but it has some purely artistic features.
First of all, airbrushing - the genre is mostly “applied”: airbrush drawings are applied to cars and other objects. Spray paint - This is a purely artistic genre. Original theme spray drawings: these are usually fantastic or even surreal landscapes - cosmic, alien, etc.
The process of drawing cans, as a rule, is quick and mysterious: the audience is puzzled and intrigued by unexpected techniques and materials used by the artist.
Drawingsnot created alone spray, but also folded or curled paper (for example, sheets from old magazines), bottoms of spray cans and so on. The action is fascinating: from the randomly seemingly mixed sprayed paints, from the divorces created by the paper pressed to the drawing, something beautiful and beautiful arises.
Art drawing spray cans originated in Europe and has now come to Russia. Artists working in the genrespray paintYou can see on the streets of our cities, for example, in Moscow on the Arbat.
The arsenal of such an artist - a set of cans, paper sheets, scrapers, pointed sticks, various stencils, which are usually handy objects of a round or other geometric shape - and so on.
You can draw on anything.There are even, surprisingly, waysdrawing on water
–
ebru equipment
and suminagashi
. And very ancient. Homeland onlysuminagashi - Japan, and ebru technique
came to us from Turkey, and even earlier (presumably) was born in ancient India, then went to the Persians - they broughtebru technique
in the Ottoman Empire.
These differtechnology
and receptions and materials. First of all,suminagashi - it is, and for ebru
special solution is used: mixture waterwith juice (nectar) of Turkish endemic plant gevena.
This component gives waterextra stickiness. Paints for bothtechnician - ebru
and suminagashi
- used insoluble, spreading over the surface water.
For suminagashi water poured into a rectangular trough, and the paints are placed on cardboard circles, floating freely over the surface and leaving behind colored stubs.
To start drawing water It is set in motion by an ordinary “stirring up” with a hand or with any improvised tool — or you can just blow on floating cardboard circles. On a surface watercolor stains appear, after which paper is placed in the bath. The result of this drawing on water - “picture” suminagashi - is a sheet of paper with a fancy "marble" pattern.
Traditionally for ebru equipment These tools - a kind of "brush" - are made of rosewood and horsehair. With these “brushes” the artist works with an insoluble film of paints - mixes colors, stretches, twists, etc. As a result of this drawing paint on the water also acquires a drawing similar to marble (another name ebru equipment - Turkish marbling), but the “texture” of the pattern made in ebru technique, differs from suminagashi. With the help of the same paints, additional drawings are applied over the marble background with the same tools — or only the background is preserved.
After placing a sheet of paper in the bath, this background is imprinted on it, then the paper is dried, and applied to it with a stencil picture. The first pictures that have come down to us ebru date backXi century but judging by the perfection technicians - ebru how art originated even earlier.
Some semblance drawing on water at ebru technique or suminagashiyou can try to reproduce at home. AT drawing water ebru You can add a little office glue, use oil paints. In the paint, you can also add glue. Of course, this artisanal equipment- just like ebru. But, nevertheless, it will also and the result can be very beautiful and peculiar. And most importantly - personally executed and unique.
Pictures of croup- quite popular occupation.
What is attractive drawing cereals? First, if we draw an analogy with drawingssand - drawings of cerealsyou can do it with the same success, but this occupation is ... cleaner. Clean sand must still get, or wash the one that is, and croup(for example, semolina) - here it is, immediately clean, take it and draw.
Thanks to this ecological cleanliness grain drawing- One of the first techniques that you can teach children. In addition, the appeal drawing with rump- in its external properties: each has its own color, caliber, shape of grains. Surface pattern of cerealsrelief, texturn.
The very first elementary technique, suitable for the youngest children, is drawingfinger on the layer cereals.
The next technique is drawings of cereals“Loose”: we do not dwell on this, since this technique completely coincides with by drawingby sand. We only note that for such drawingbetter fit cerealsthe smallest - the same semolina, for example.
Drawing cerealson paper or cardboard with glue. At first we drawpicture in pencil. Then gently cover with PVA glue that part of the surface. patternwhich will be poured croup.
If we want to do picturemulti-colored - you can use different cereals, and you can paint them.
To pour cerealyou can not only glue, but also paint mixed with glue - so the surface patternunder barleywill look more evenly colored.
Finally you can draw in croupon plasticine: cover with a thin layer of plasticine cardboard, the necessary areas patternlet's take a few - drown - and fill barley. You can do this procedure through pre-prepared stencils. It is possible at the finished plasticine picture part of the surface to decorate convex groats texture - for such drawingssuitable cereals“Large-caliber”: buckwheat, rice, barley, lentils, etc.
With the help of such a technique, for example, fluffy animals, bird feathers, fish scales are perfectly obtained. Yes, anything - you just have to give plenty of imagination!
Bodyart and faceart
These words came from English:body - body, face - face, art - art. Accordingly, body painting - body decoration, faceart - faces. Faceart- This is a private type of body art. Often body art is identified with drawing on the body, but it is not so. has the name bodypainting (from eng.paint - draw) and is one of the directions of body art. Similarly, facepainting ( face painting) Is a variation faceart. To body painting and faceartbesides drawing on the body, face painting andsurprising body art on hand , such techniques as piercing, scarification (scarification), implantation (implantation of alien objects and materials), and finally, body modification (deliberately changing body parts) are included. Such a famous body art trend as a tattoo, being also drawing on the body, combines bodypainting with damaging techniques.
The roots drawing on the bodyand especially face painting go to antiquity.Traditional r inscriptionbodies and faces practiced in almost all early societies for performing pagan rituals, ceremonies, and ceremonies.She could symbolize the reincarnation of an animal or a mystical character, as well as indicate the social status of the carrier of the figure. Indians have a traditional face painting pointed to belonging to a certain tribe, to participate in the war, etc.
A special place is occupied by the Indian Mehndi - drawing on the body using henna. At the end of the 20th century, Mendy became popular with the girls of Western countries.
Familiar to us face painting clowns and actors, in particular, traditional masks of many national theaters. Makeup and makeup are also typical representatives. faceart. Lately faceart often used during holidays, presentations, promotions. A special place acquired children's festive faceart.
For the modern faceartIn addition to the usual make-up and familiar cosmetic accessories, henna, akvagrim, and sometimes gouache are used (the latter’s lack of drying and cracking, dried up painting showered with faces). As tools for drawing on the body and the face, except for pencils, brushes and tampons, uses special markers and airbrushes.
A few words about the tattoo.
Traditional tattoo - drawing on the body by introducing indelible ink into the skin - the procedure is expensive, painful, irreversible and, if performed by a non-professional master, unsafe. Therefore, in recent times the traditional tattoo is actively replacing the temporary tattoo: mentioned painting body and faces with the use of henna (the drawings are kept for about three months) and the most inoffensive type of “tattoo” is decals and drawing on the body special marker for tattoo, with or without the use of stencils.
Have you heard about drawing by light? Is it possible? After all, light, it would seem, is something elusive and intangible. Answer: it is very possible. Interested in art drawing lightyou will meet a lot of terms: freezelight or freezling (freezelight - frozen light), light graphics (light graphic ), luminography or lightpainting (light painting - drawing by light), space drawing (drawing in the air), light painting, finally, light graffiti. All these Russian and English words mean drawing by light. There are several modifications of this art, some authors consider lighting and luminographyvarious techniques, for others, these terms are equivalent and mean any drawing by light- we will not now delve into the subtleties of terminology. One thing is clear: the vast scope for imagination and creativity of the photo artist.
So what is it - luminography, light graphicsetc.? This is one of the arts of the new time, requiring modern technology. Namely - photographic equipment . - This is a kind of artistic photography.
If you are familiar with the photo (for now, it’s just about the photo - about lighting we'll talk a little below), you certainly know how difficult it is to make a quality night portrait or landscape. Especially if you are photographing a not absolutely fixed object and hold the camera in your hands. Exposure (exposure) requires a large, and the slightest trembling of hands or the movement of "nature" makes the picture fuzzy, blurry, the image is divided, tripled, etc. Uneven bands stretch from light sources ... Now imagine that these bands and divorces are your goal. Try taking a snapshot at night with a long shutter speed, say, street lights, intentionally moving the camera - in circles, zigzags, etc. Here is the simplest method drawing light.
Drawing clay - it is art at the junction of two classical pictorial genres: “flat” painting and three-dimensional image, that is, sculpture. Plasticine - the most gratifying material for the artist, but it seems to be still not sufficiently appreciated.
If know and use plasticine secrets, you can create not just crafts, but real ones plasticine paintings - from thin, almost indistinguishable from painting, canvases to convex bas-reliefs.
First, plasticine is remarkably plastic.
The second remarkable property is viscosity, “stickiness”.
Third of plasticine secrets - chromaticity.
Its fourth property is thermolability. When heated (even to the temperature of our hands), the clay softens easily, so the artist’s fingers and palms are the main tool for drawing clay. Some artists do almost all the work with their fingers, smearing the material on the surface of the future plasticine paintings.
Drawing clay, especially children's, in principle, does not differ in the nature of these techniques - only the details fit to the surface plasticine paintingsand then they are given the desired shape and surface topography.
In addition (remember about plasticine secrets!), the material can be placed in a disposable syringe and, after heating it, squeeze out the piston a perfectly smooth "thread" - so on plasticine picture stalks, branches and other linear parts can be applied. Syringe for drawing plasticine You can take and confectionery (for thicker "sausages" or for parts with a specific section). "Adult", "real" artists prefer drawing plasticine by smearing it on the "canvas".
"Canvas" for plasticine paintings Not everyone is suitable. Plasticine - fatty material (another plasticine secret). On plain paper or cardboard from it may remain fatty stains.
Want to learn how to create masterpieces in technology One strokeand self-paint the walls, furniture, dishes - whatever?
Do not be intimidated by a foreign name: it translates into Russian simply: drawing in one stroke.
Do you think you can’t draw at all?
And you try. It is not difficult to learn. The main thing is to understand the principle.
And the principle is that such double stroke painting: paint on the flat brush in two colors at once. (Or even triple: a third paint is sometimes collected on the tip of the brush, most often white.)
On the border of colors, paints inevitably mix, and when you lead with such a brush on paper or another surface, even this one swab It turns out amazingly beautiful:
it contains the whole range of transitions from one color to another.
On principle drawing a double stroke founded tagil painting, similar to the famous Zhostovo, but also different from it.
Tagil painting born, as the name implies, in the Urals, in the 18th century, it was popularized by the famous industrialist and philanthropist Nikita Demidov.
Where did the English name come from vehicles - One Stroke?
The fact is that double stroke painting there is another "ancestor."
The founderone Stroke techniciansdonna Dewberry, a self-taught artist who patented her invention at the end of the last century, is considered to be.
Let's not blame the artist for plagiarism - it happens that the same discoveries are made by people in different parts of the world, the American woman could not be aware of the existence tagil painting.
By the end of the 20th century, Donna's works in engineeringdrawing in one strokegained extraordinary popularity, she began to conduct workshops and even organized her own businessmuralstin products methoddouble stroke.
So let's try.
Dip one side of the brush, for example, in red paint, and the other side in cream - and begin drawing in one stroke.
The red side will be a fulcrum, and with a bright edge we will describe an arc, preferably not smooth, but in a wave-like, fan-shaped movement.
Doesn’t it, a beautiful petal turned out, with shadows, shades, transitions - just like a living one?
Let's try to gain some more white paint on the bright tip of the brush - it will already be double paintingand triple smear.
True, it turned out even more expressive?
Let's draw one more and more?
And now, on the other brush, let's pick up a green and yellow color - let the green edge of the brush move smoothly, and yellow zigzags - here’s a half of a leaf.
Let us turn the brush and repeat the same zigzag on the other side - and now a completely live, but already early-autumn leaf has come out from under our brush.
With a fine brush we will paint small details: stalks, stamens, "antennae".
You see, and you thought you couldn’t draw!
Now in order to start painting furniture or walls double stroke, you just have to do quite a bit: to practice, to choose a suitable paint thickness (it should not be liquid, but not too thick) and the width of the brush.
Yes, and you have to choose a convenient paint for yourself - different artists working in one Stroke Technique, they prefer different paints: acrylic, oil, even gouache, which is varnished on top.
It all depends on your goals and on the surface on which you draw.
Here you go. A little training - and you can safely assume that they have mastered the skill of this tagil painting.
Or one Stroke techniqueif you like foreign words more.
Drawing - an image on a plane created by means of graphics. Drawing has an independent meaning in art, and at the same time any kind of plastic art cannot do without it, because drawing is the basis of painting and sculpture, folk and decorative applied artsdesign and architecture. The drawing is the structural basis of any image: graphic, pictorial, sculptural, decorative. Drawing - a means of knowing and studying reality. Numerous types of drawing differ in technique, methods and character of drawing, according to their purpose, genres and themes. Drawing can serve as educational, auxiliary purposes, when creating works of different types of arts and decorate the interior. The easel drawing - made on the easel (artist's machine), on a separate sheet, a carefully crafted artwork of various genres (portrait, landscape, still life, household, mythological drawing, etc.) is of independent importance. Themes for pictures can tell life itself, history or fantasy. The artist can record his life impressions in quickly made sketches and sketches. Preparatory drawing is necessary when creating paintings, frescoes, mosaics and stained glass. A designer or architect fixes his initial intention of the project with the help of a drawing in sketches. A sculptor needs a good mastery of the pattern in order to correctly transfer proportions and volume, to place the form in space. The composition of the sculptural relief begins with a drawing.
Academic drawing is a kind of graphics and the basis of all types of visual art. Academic drawing - many hours of work with a detailed transfer of the design and light and shade of objects - performed by students of the Academy of Arts and students of higher specialized educational institutions. Such a system of education was formed from the end of the XVI century and, as a rule, includes copying the “originals” of recognized masters, drawing from ancient plaster casts and then from a living nature.
The curriculum drawing is a vast area of various drawing tasks. geometric bodies, plaster ornaments, a variety of still lifes, objects of the world of technology and nature, man, landscape, architectural buildings, etc. As a rule, educational tasks for drawing correspond to program tasks, they are proposed to be performed as the difficulty increases in special conditions under the supervision of a teacher. The drawing, which includes educational drawing from life, drawing from memory and imagination, is the basis of art education.
\u003e Types of drawing
The drawing may be the first essay or a quick sketch of the composition (sketch); fixation of the movement or contours of the model (etude); the location of the main elements of the scene or landscape (crochets, drawings); Finally, the drawing itself can be a complete work.
There are different types of pattern: pattern on the relief; architectural drawing (plan, section, vertical projection of the building); drawing with three pencils (Italian pencil and sanguine, clarified with chalk for lighting); feathered drawing (drawing, executed on the basis, which can be equal once at feathering, shadows are shaded by coal); geometric pattern (reproduces the geometric proportions of the object); graphic drawing (cuts, plans, etc., everything that is used in exact sciences); hatching (the pattern is executed with parallel shading with a pen or pencil); imitative drawing (it is intended for reproduction of contours of figures, landscape and ornaments); washout (pattern, feathers with Chinese ink or colored pigments diluted with water); Leiko graphic drawing (drawing in white tone on a black background); linear drawing (technical drawing which is used for the image of industrial ornaments or objects); industrial drawing or drawing (it is intended for the image of machines or mechanical parts); freehand drawing (free drawing, executed without a ruler and compasses); drawing from life (drawing from a model or from a real landscape; in the 18th century it was called a drawing “d" apres ie vrai "); shadow drawing (a drawing transmitting light and shade contrasts); stencil (drawing whose outlines were punctured stencil); topographical drawing (a drawing on which the contours of land plots, soil relief, etc.) are reproduced with hatching; an outline drawing (sketch, outline of figures).
Entertaining drawing in progress artistic creation preschoolers
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INTRODUCTION |
|
Chapter I. IMAGE OF THE GRAPHIC IMAGE |
| 1. The concept of "graphics". Its characteristics and types |
| 2. Drawing - the basis of graphic art. Types of drawing |
| 3. Material drawing tools |
| 4. Pictorial tools in drawing graphic materials |
|
Chapter II USE OF EMPLOYMENT ACTIVITIES IN DRAWING DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTISTIC CREATIVITY OF CHILDREN |
| 1. The process of creating a drawing graphic materials |
| 2. Drawing as a type of creative activity of children of preschool age. |
| 3. Drawing program requirements |
| 4. Development of entertaining classes on drawing with graphic materials. |
|
CONCLUSION |
|
LITERATURE |
|
APPLICATIONS |
INTRODUCTION
Graphic activity is of great importance in solving the problems of aesthetic education, since by its nature it is an artistic activity. The specificity of the art of visual arts provides ample opportunities for learning the beauty, for developing an emotional-aesthetic attitude to reality in children.
Each type of visual activity, in addition to the overall aesthetic influence, has its own specific effect on the child.
Drawing is of great importance for the education and upbringing of children of preschool age.
It contributes to the formation and development of many personality traits of the individual, his mental and aesthetic capabilities.
In modern pedagogical and psychological studies, it is proved the necessity of practicing fine art for the mental and aesthetic development of children in preschool age. In the works of Zaporozhtsa AV, Davydova V.V., Poddyakova N.N. found that preschoolers are able in the process of objective sensory activities, including drawing, to highlight the essential properties of objects and phenomena, establish links between individual objects and phenomena and reflect them in a figurative form. This process is especially noticeable in various types of practical activity: generalized methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison and comparison are being formed, the ability to independently find ways to solve creative problems, and the ability to plan their activities develop.
Hence the need to study not only the visual arts, but also specific types of fine art, including drawing.
This problem is relevant today. This is confirmed by the fact that the work on drawing in the modern conditions of the pedagogical process is taken out of the castles of classes, and is practiced in the form of joint or independent activity of children, which does not contribute to the formation and development of basic ZUN in children’s drawing.
Observations of teaching practice in the middle group showed that children love to draw, do drawing with great pleasure, but the technical and visual skills of children in drawing are evaluated at an average level. This is due to the fact that the kindergarten does not pay enough attention to drawing classes and in this case, learning is difficult.
The objectives of the course work are:
1. The study of scientific literature on the problem of organizing and carrying out work on the development of fine art in the process of drawing.
2. Conducting research work in the middle group to identify the level of formation of the ZUN drawing.
3. Designing work on the development of creativity by means of interesting, entertaining classes in drawing with children of the middle group.
Chapter I. IMAGE OF THE GRAPHIC IMAGE
1. The concept of "graphics". Its characteristics and types
Graphics (from gr. Grapho - I write, draw) is a type of visual art that is associated with an image on a plane. Graphics combines drawing as an independent area, and various types of printed graphics: woodcut (woodcut), metalcut (etching), lithography, linocut, cardboard print, etc. As a rule, the graphic image is performed on a sheet of paper. The artist is sometimes very simple means - graphite pencil or ballpoint pen to perform a graphic drawing. In other cases, he uses complex tools for creating his works: a printing press, lithographic stones, chisels for linoleum or wood, and much more. The term "graphics" was originally used with reference only to writing and calligraphy. The art of typeface has long been associated with graphics. It received a new meaning and understanding at the end of the 19th - early 20th centuries, when the graphics were defined as an independent art form.
The language of graphics and its main expressive means are line, stroke, contour, spot and tone. Actively involved in creating a general impression of the work of graphics white sheet of paper. You can achieve an expressive pattern even when using only black. That is why graphics are often called the art of black and white. However, this does not exclude the use of color in graphics.
The boundaries between graphics and painting are very mobile, for example, watercolors, pastels, and sometimes gouaches are sometimes one or another type of art, depending on the extent to which the color is used, what prevails in the work - line or spot, what is its purpose.
One of the distinguishing features of graphics is the special relationship of the depicted object to the space. Pure white background of the sheet, not occupied by images, and even the background of paper appearing under the colorful layer are conventionally perceived as space. This can be seen especially clearly in the book graphics, when an image placed on a clean page is perceived as located in the interior, street, or landscape space according to the text, and not on a snowy field.
Artistic and expressive advantages of graphics are in its conciseness, capacity of images, concentration and strict selection of graphic means. Some understatement, the symbol of the object, as if a hint of it, are of particular value graphic images, they are designed for the active work of the viewer's imagination.
In this regard, not only carefully traced graphic sheets, but also quick sketches, sketches from life, composition sketches have an independent artistic value.
Graphics are available in various genres (portrait, landscape, still life, historical genre, etc.) and unlimited practical possibilities for the image and figurative interpretation of the world.
By purpose, easel, book and newspaper-magazine, applied graphics and poster differ.
2. Drawing - the basis of graphic art. Types of drawing
The basis of all types of fine art, including graphics, is drawing. The word “drawing” has replaced the old Slavonic words “banner”, “sign”, meaning “creation of an image”, and “drawing”, “outline”, indicating the technique of making an image. Since the 18th century, the word “drawing” has become a term denoting an image as creating an image using lines, features that are important for recognizing the attributes of an object: shape, size, structure, movement, which are transmitted in all forms of art.
The simplicity of the lines drawing techniques and the universality of the principles of form construction made drawing the basis of graphics and other art forms. When comparing a picture, for example, with a drawing, its remarkable features become apparent. First, the drawing is done by hand. This speeds up the execution of the image and, therefore, makes it possible to quickly respond to various events of the current life. Secondly, the drawing is done on the eye, capturing the subject not only as it is, but also as it seems. This visible image is clear and accessible to all. Thirdly, the drawing is vivid; he illusively conveys the main external signs of the object, its materiality, volume, light, spatial arrangement, etc. Fourth, the picture not only depicts the diverse external signs of the object and environment, but through their relationships expresses the internal content of this object and environment and causes the viewer certain thoughts and feelings.
For a more complete study of the features of the picture, several types are conventionally distinguished, differing in pictorial, material and technical means, and according to their purpose.
According to the use of figurative means, drawings are linear and tonal. Linear drawing is, as a rule, light, light, generalized. Lines create an artistic image, run tables, charts, drawings on the blackboard.
Figures in tone give a more complete description of the subject and the medium by the transmission of volume, illumination, materiality and spatial relations. Such drawings are called chiaroscuro and tonal or tonal.
In the mass and contour of some objects very clearly expressed character, movement and other properties. Therefore, for their images, sometimes the simplest type of tone pattern is chosen - silhouette - outline pattern, filled with one even tone.
According to the technique of performing drawings are original and printed. Original drawings are made by the artist by hand in one copy. Printed make a cliché print on paper and called prints. There are several types of prints. The main ones are considered an engraving (woodcut on wood, linoleum on linoleum, etching on metal) and lithography (impression from a lithographic stone on which a drawing was made by a lithographic pencil and acid etching).
By purpose, distinguish academic drawings and creative. Academic drawing is a long-term drawing performed with the purpose of learning to draw, mastering image techniques and studying various forms and signs. He is characterized by fixing all the main features that determine the appearance of the subject of the image. Creative drawing is a work of fine art, figuratively expressing the thoughts, feelings and understanding of the artist.
In educational and creative work is widely used sketch, sketch, sketch. A sketch is called a short-term drawing. The main means of performing the sketch is a line, supplemented by a rare hatching or rubbing. A detailed study of the subject of the image or part thereof is carried out through a sketch. It traces and marks for a relatively long time the most important external and internal properties and characteristics of the object. The living material of reality studied in sketches and sketches is used to create a creative drawing or painting, the composition of which begins with a preliminary drawing - a sketch.
3. Material drawing tools
The material and technical means include paper, pencils, gum, charcoal, chalk, pastel, watercolor, gouache, brushes, feathers, palette and other materials, tools and accessories with which the visual activity is carried out.
Paper. In the process of learning to draw apply newspaper, wallpaper, drawing, drawing paper, trying to skillfully use the properties of each. Newspaper, wallpaper and wrapping paper has a fine-grained, loose, fuzzy surface that is able to well hold the bulk dye. Therefore, it is used to work with charcoal and pastel. Drawing and drawing paper is dense, white with a smooth and rough surface. They work on smooth paper with pen and pencil, on rough paper - with pencil, charcoal and paint. The rough surface not only keeps the coloring matter well, but also withstands long-term work on it. This allows drawing and drawing paper to be considered the best for educational purposes.
On each sheet of paper, pre-designed with the necessary inscriptions, you can only draw on one side. During operation, the paper should lie motionless and straight, that is, so that its edges are parallel to the edges of the table cover.
The pencil is simple. For drawing, a graphite pencil is used, mainly of a faceted form, the average softness is M and 2M. Thin lines and strokes are drawn with the edge of graphite, and thicker lines are drawn from the side of the graphite and are shaded. Preparing a pencil for work, use a sharp knife to grind down a wooden frame by 25–30 mm and expose graphite by 8–10 mm, sharpening its end, so that it tingles like a needle.
In the process of work, the pencil is held in the middle of the frame and from time to time it is turned in hand to draw with the sharp part of graphite. Blunted graphite is again sharpened with a knife or sandpaper.
Proper sharpening and long rim allow you to hold a pencil with three fingers, then with your entire hand, at different stages of the work, in order to extract all the visual possibilities inherent in it.
Color pencil. Colored pencils have thick rods that contain fat particles. With strong pressure, the rods strongly crumble and break, the greasy, shiny trace of them firmly merges with the paper, therefore it is poorly removed by an elastic band and poorly perceives re-padding in a different color. Consequently, the wooden frame of colored pencils must be read to a shorter length than that of ordinary ones, and weakly press the frame.
The chemical pencil in drawing does not apply, as it gives pale gray lines that are poorly corrected by an elastic band and change their color.
Coal. Charcoal for drawing is a round rod 10-12 cm long and 5-8 mm in diameter. This soft, brittle, crumbling material badly combined with paper, showered. However, coal gives a deep matte black mark, clearly visible from a distance. It is easily brushed with a dry cloth and erased with a rubber band. They can draw a variety of lines, perform any shading and shading as the end, and flat. They work with charcoal on fleece paper that delays coal dust, wallpaper, newspaper, wrapping and drawing.
A piece of chalk. It is used for drawing on the blackboard, allows you to perform linear drawings, as well as shading and shading. To erase it is necessary to have two cloths - dry and slightly moistened: dry eliminate errors and apply a grating of chalk dust to the shading; damp refresh the darkest places and completely erase the drawing from the board.
Significant difficulties may arise when making a chalky image because of its negativity: everything dark in nature becomes white in the figure, and light becomes dark. To overcome the hindrance to some extent helps color chalk.
Pastel - thick rods of different colors in a paper wafer, resembling colored chalk. Pastels work on rough paper as colored pencils, applying strokes and stripes that can be shaded with a finger or a feather - paper or suede sticks. Gives a matte, slightly faded, colorful layer. Like coal, pastels do not mix well with paper and crumble.
Watercolor - the most common water-based paint; It is prepared from the finest colorful powder, the particles of which are bound by an adhesive substance (gum arabic, cherry glue) that dissolves in water. For work, the paint is plentifully moistened with water and, when it is softened, is transferred to the palette or to a sample sheet of paper with bent edges with a clean brush tip. Here the right amount of pure water is added to the dyestuff mass and mixed thoroughly to obtain a homogeneous mixture of a certain thickness and color. Liquid colorful mixture is usually prepared for painting large figures and light parts of the object, and thick - at the completion of work to stroke, enhance the color and image of the shaded parts of the object. Speaking about the density of paint, it is necessary, however, to emphasize the main property of watercolors - its transparency. The luminous surface of white paper penetrates a thin layer of paint with its reflected rays and saturates it with light and thrill. The thick paint layer, blocking the path of the light rays to the paper, looks dull, gloomy. Abuse of thick paints leads to the appearance of grayness and color uniformity.
In educational drawing, sets of 10-16 colors are used, which include the following colors: black, purple, magenta, red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and brown.
Gouache. Unlike watercolors, it contains white, which deprives the paint of transparency, makes it dense, impenetrable, or, as they say, opaque. Gouache is diluted with water, applied with a thin layer and brightens when dry. By virtue of the covering power, gouache allows you to make various kinds of corrections. It is indispensable for work in the field of children's visual activity.
Brush. According to the shape of the hair, the brushes are divided into flat and round, according to the grade - bristle, columnar, squirrel and others, in size - thin, medium and thick. To study the techniques of watercolor, you need a round soft kolonkovaya or squirrel medium-sized brush (No. 11-14). Her flexible hair forms a conical shape with a sharp end. Such a brush can paint large shapes, working with the whole mass of hair, and depict small details with the end of a brush. Interrupting the work, put the brush on a special stand or on the edge of the table, so as not to pollute the workplace. It is strictly forbidden to leave the brush in a can of water, where the hair is bent and diverges in different directions, losing a conical shape. At the end of the work, the brush should be thoroughly washed, the hair should be squeezed out and smoothed with fingers to give it a pointed conical shape.
Palette. The palette is a plate, a plate on which the artist checks the color of the paint taken, mixes paints to obtain the desired shade, and then transfer them to a drawing. In watercolor painting palettes are used, porcelain, plastic and tin, covered with white paint, which is clearly visible subtle shades of color. On the palette, the paints are placed in small recesses, and they are mixed on most of them, even and smooth. At the edges rises a low side that prevents the flow of paint. Some palettes have an oval opening for putting on the thumb of the left hand. After work, the palette is cleared of paint with a sponge or cloth moistened with water. In watercolor, packaged in iron boxes, the lid has recesses for paints and their mixing and is therefore used as a palette.
The palette is often replaced with a sheet of white paper of the same grade as for the drawing. The edges of the sheet and the corners are folded inwards, which turns the palette into a kind of bath, convenient for working with paint.
4. Pictorial tools in drawing graphic materials
By visual means include point, stroke, line, tone and color.
Point. A point is obtained by touching the tip of a pencil, brush, chalk to the pictorial plane, or by intersecting strokes and lines. In the figure, the point participates in the image of light and shade and the linear construction of the form as a support, therefore, this point is called the reference point.
The position of a point on a plane is determined by coordinates. In drawing, the coordinates of length and height are most often used, that is, the distance from the vertical and horizontal lines of the contour, from auxiliary ones, specially drawn for these purposes, or from the edges of the sheet to the imaged point. Checking the position of a point is reduced to checking the correlation of coordinate values, which are measured with a pencil in full accordance with the adopted coordinate system.
Bar - line, short line. In drawing strokes are used much more often than a dot. They note the dimensions, contours of the object, the lightness of the surfaces and the volume of its shape. Strokes, along with points, replacing a uniformly flat contour line, make it dynamic, and its shape - alive and connected with the environment. Strokes, like points, can be anchor, for example, when dividing a line into parts, when setting the dimensions.
Smear - figurative means of hand technique. The shape of the stroke depends on the shape of the hair brush, on the thickness and method of applying the paint. With the end of a round brush, you can make a smear point, a stroke-stroke and a stroke-line, which are used for stroking contours and drawing details. The entire mass of the hair brush gives a wide brushstroke used for painting large figures. A flat brush gives rectangular strokes. By applying (brushing) the brush to the paper, a smear imprint is obtained, which follows the shape of the hair of the brush. Rectilinear movement of the brush forms straight lines and stripes, curvilinear - curved lines, stripes and strokes of complex shape with a stroke. Separate and fused strokes can convey the lightness and color of any object.
The line - the most popular visual tool. It is depicted by all material and technical means: a chisel, a pen, a pencil and a brush. By the nature of the lines are straight and curves.
Tone. The surface of each object has its own tone or visible lightness. Lightness - the tone is transmitted by shading, shading and coloring.
Hatching is a method of drawing tones with strokes. With the edge of a pencil held by three fingers, separate strokes are quickly applied close to each other or zigzag-connected with thin hair lines. The direction of these strokes (vertical, horizontal and oblique) is determined by the movement of the surface of the depicted object, its structure, shape, size, etc. The direction of the strokes serves as an active element of the image: it can visually change the size and shape of the object.
Chapter II USE OF EMPLOYMENT ACTIVITIES IN DRAWING DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTISTIC CREATIVITY OF CHILDREN
1. The process of creating a drawing graphic materials
The process of creating a drawing involves the establishment of permanent and very subtle links between the drawing and the subject of the image, between the drawing and the drawing, between all the elements of nature and drawing. These relationships are established by the knowledge of the entire drawing process - the ways of drawing, the sides of the drawing process, the principles of drawing and solving educational problems.
Ways of drawing. Reality, acting on human consciousness, forms in its perceptions and ideas images of this reality. By virtue of the difference between the image of a real object, formed in the process of visual perception, and the image stored in the memory in the form of a representation, there is also a difference in the way they are represented. These methods are called drawing by perception and drawing by representation.
Drawing by perception is characterized by the fact that the image object is in front of the drawing throughout the entire work. Carefully observing from a certain place the typical features and parts for a given object, the artist draws the observed on paper, trying to portray everything as it really is and how his eye sees, that is, visually alike. This method of drawing is also called drawing from life. The Latin word "nature" is translated as "nature", "reality". In kind - the subject of the image can be all things, that is, everything that has its own form and its content.
Drawing from nature, leaving a person face to face with the subject of the image, makes you think about its form and content, determine its characteristics and properties, comprehend their relationships - in short, thoroughly study the subject; at the same time drawing from life brings attention and observation, teaches how to see and think.
Work from nature not only expands the range of knowledge about reality - it allows figurative means to consolidate the images of understood things and phenomena, their essence and beauty. These remarkable qualities made it possible to draw from life to become one of the main ways of teaching image.
In the old Russian school, in the early stages of learning to draw, life was often replaced by an original drawing made by a good artist. In this original, all graphic tasks were exemplary solved. The students, copying the original, imitated the masters, learned to properly use the material-pictorial means and assimilated the "exemplary" techniques of the image. This way of drawing by originals also takes place in the practice of educating teachers, not only as a visual means of mastering the techniques of imaging and solving learning problems, but also as a means of helping to create all sorts of tables and cards necessary for conducting classes with children.
Drawing by representation is characterized by the fact that the image object is absent, is not in front of the eyes of the drawing. The image that was once formed in his consciousness recreates by memory, description, or imagination. It is clear that the images of representations are less specific and complete than the images of perceptions, and therefore the drawings made by the presentation have a somewhat generalized character. Their content and originality depend on the conditions of image formation. Drawing on the view develops the visual memory, saturates the thinking with vivid images and contributes to the development of creative imagination.
The methods of drawing that we have considered are widely used in the modern practice of teaching the visual arts. However, it should be noted that these methods are unequal. Indeed, for competent drawing requires the ability to intelligently see, select and memorize the main thing.
2. Drawing as a type of creative activity of children of preschool age.
Each of the types of graphic activity has its own capabilities and means for the depiction of objects and phenomena, in the aggregate giving the opportunity to reflect reality in many and diverse ways.
Drawing is a more complex means of image than modeling and application.
Graphic activity, drawing strokes on paper attracts the attention of a child in pre-preschool years. Children about one and a half years are already eagerly doing this, but such classes initially have the character of fun, games with a pencil. In the younger preschool age, drawing acquires the character of the image. Children draw in kindergarten pencils and paints. Drawing paints, the child has the ability to more holistically, even if at first indistinct, transfer the shape of the object, its color. Linear pencil drawing allows you to more clearly convey parts and details of the subject. In this process, visual control of the movement of the drawing hand, behind the line forming the contour of the object, is of great importance. Drawing with colored material (pencils or paints) allows you to transfer the color of objects. Children, drawing patterns, decorate squares, circles, stripes, as well as toys, molded by them from clay, made of paper.
The expression in the drawing of coherent content requires mastering the transfer of the space in which objects are located, their comparative size, position relative to each other.
The originality of each type of graphic activity determines the tasks of education and development.
Children are mainly engaged in drawing while sitting at the table, so it is very important to develop the correct skills of sitting, the position of the hands on the table, and the legs under the table. It is very important for the physical development of children.
Each lesson of visual activity begins with the treatment of the caregiver to the children, a conversation with them, and often some visual material is also used. Therefore, it is necessary from the very beginning to raise children's attention to words and visual display. Visualization is of great importance in the classroom visual activities. This contributes to the development of observation, children develop the ability to look at what they are shown for a longer time, to re-refer to visual material in the process of doing work.
Along with this, children are being brought up with ever more sustained attention to verbal instructions, not supported by the display of visual material.
It is extremely important from the first steps to cultivate in children a sustained interest in pictorial activity, which contributes to the education of perseverance, disability, perseverance in achieving results. This interest is initially arbitrary and directed to the process of the action itself. The teacher gradually carries out the task of developing interest in the result, to the product of the activity. This product is a drawing, it is visual and thus attracts the child to itself, attracts his attention.
Gradually, children are becoming increasingly interested in the results of their work, the quality of its implementation, and not only enjoy the process of drawing.
Children of six or seven years old, who are on the threshold of school, have new motives for their interest in classes — a conscious desire to learn to draw well. There is an increasing interest in the process of performing work on the instructions of the educator in order to get a good result. There is a desire to correct and improve their work.
Starting with the younger group, it is necessary to cultivate in children an interest in the works of comrades, a friendly attitude towards them, and the ability to fairly evaluate them. The teacher needs to be as tactful and fair as possible when evaluating the work, making comments in a soft, benevolent manner. Only under this condition does he cultivate friendly companionship between children.
The activity of children in the process of performing work is manifested in a good pace, its continuity. In this regard, in the younger groups, significant individual deviations are permissible: some children are faster and more active, others are slow, sluggish. In the middle group it is possible to raise the requirements for performing work without distractions, try to overcome the slowness of the pace characteristic of some children. To achieve this, one should patiently, persistently, but not make categorical demands to children in a sharp form. In the older group, the struggle with slowness and frequent distractions from work is of particular importance in connection with the preparation for school.
It is necessary to take care not only of a good pace of work, but also of the thoroughness of its performance, without haste, which prevents you from carrying out the work carefully, expressing your idea completely, making it complete.
The accuracy and thoroughness of the work depends not only on discipline, but also on the mastery of the skills of using pencil and brush. Skills in drawing techniques are associated with the development of the child’s hands - coordinated, accurate, smooth, free of movement. The development of movements in various types of graphic activity is united by the target installation, which guides this development on the image and transfer of the shape of objects or on the construction of a pattern, on decoration. All children master these skills very differently, however, with the correct teaching methods, they all master them in the amount envisaged by the kindergarten program.
Of considerable importance for the development of movements are the labor skills that children receive in the process of preparing for classes in pictorial activities and cleaning after them. Every year they spend in kindergarten, the requirements for children are increasing both in terms of preparation and cleaning, as well as in relation to the duties of the duty group.
Children have consistently increased responsibility for every business they are assigned. Having spent effort and having received approval, the child feels pleasure, his mood rises.
Along with raising children’s ability to be attentive to the instructions of the caregiver, the development of their independence, initiative and endurance is very important. Excessive guardianship is harmful - children must understand that they must rely on their own strength, independently figure out how and what to do, what they should follow. The teacher must be ready to help, but not to take care of children when they do not need it. At the same time, it should be remembered that even older preschool children cannot be active and consistently active without the support of the teacher.
Children enjoy drawing, to a large extent due to the fact that these classes include the process of inventing content, deploying actions that are close to the game. It is necessary to support this aspiration, not limiting children only to the task of depicting individual objects. Inventing the plot of his drawing not only gives children pleasure, which is also very important, but also develops imagination, fiction, and clarifies ideas. The teacher must take this into account, outlining the content of the classes, and not deprive children of the joy of creating characters, the image of their place of action and the action itself with the means available to them, including a verbal story.
In the process of pictorial activity, favorable conditions are created for the development of those sensations and emotions that are gradually transformed into aesthetic feelings and contribute to the formation of an aesthetic attitude towards reality. Already in the younger preschool age, the transfer of such qualities of objects as shape, color, structure, size, position in space, promotes the development of a sense of color, rhythm, and form — components of aesthetic feeling, aesthetic perception and ideas.
Enriching the experience of children with observations of the surroundings, one should unswervingly take care of aesthetic impressions, show children the beauty in the life around them; organizing classes, pay attention to the fact that children have the opportunity to express their aesthetic impressions, to be attentive to the selection of appropriate material.
3. Drawing program requirements
It is known that children love to draw. Preschoolers draw willingly, without wondering how professionally they do it. Just draw, displaying their impressions, talking, asking questions and answering them. Draw - playing, drawing - play.
The value of drawing for education historically and
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Specialists of some professions make a large number of various visual images using compasses, rulers, squares, patterns, etc. But the creation of an image by hand is expressed in a person’s ability not only to have the necessary hardness of the hand, but also to maintain a direct connection between the thoughts and the eyes and the motor activity of the hand, which makes it possible to respond quickly to the visible solution of the idea, design, and design much faster. And for the artist in general there are no other ways to perform images, except by hand and by eye.
Drawing on the eye involves primarily the artistic development of the real world, the approximation of art to reality. Such an image becomes a visual image, understandable to every viewer.
Drawing on the eye develops the eye. For an artist, this ability is a very valuable quality that helps to see the form correctly.
Why is a realistic (truthful) drawing clear to everyone, even a spectator who is not dedicated to the visual arts? Because the correctly seen and truly transmitted form of an object or phenomenon is visually represented in the drawing by all external signs, thanks to which the viewer sees her and finds out.
In addition to the above features, the graphic art image has another, perhaps most significant, expression of the inner content of the painted object. Only in this case, the viewer has certain associations, there is an active work of thought, feelings are manifested. The main thing in the drawing, as in every work of art, is the content, but without perfect form it will not be perceived by the viewer. Therefore, the veracity of the image, the relationship with the content, beauty and harmony - this is a brief formula of the artist's attitude to the visual arts.
Having highlighted the features of the picture, we turn to the consideration of its types. The presence of different types indicates the distinctive features by which a particular pattern is classified and determined by the purpose, use, technique of execution.
Drawing from life is an image, performing which we observe and perceive an object, show its appearance on paper and study its structure at the same time. This character of the work on the drawing, when the elementary fundamentals of the pencil image are studied, suggests that this is an educational drawing, which, of course, differs from the creative drawing created by an artist with professional graphic training.
For educational and creative drawing using sketches, sketches, sketches and sketches.
A truly precise definition of a short-term picture, like the sketch given in George Vasari’s book “The Biography of the Most Famous Painters, Sculptors and Architects,” remains to this day:
“We call the sketches the form of the original drawings, executed in order to find the position of the figures and the original composition of the work: they are performed as if in the form of a spot and serve as a preliminary hint at the whole. And since they are attacked by the artist with a pen, other drawing accessories or charcoal in a short time, in a fit of inspiration and only to check the suitability of their design, they are called sketches. ”
Performing a sketch, the artist uses the main graphic tool - a line, almost without adding any strokes or corrections to it. But a more traced sketch, otherwise referred to as a sketch, includes light shading as well as a rubbing, which aims to convey an impression of volume and illumination of the object in the image.
An even more detailed picture is a sketch. This is also the result of a quick drawing, but here the artist carries out work aimed at studying the subject of the image and therefore somewhat long in terms of execution.
All graphic images that are made by the artist are not, as a rule, an end in themselves: they constitute the essential essence of life and activity. creative person. Any sketch, not to mention other quick drawings, becomes for the master a living material of observations, impressions, reflections and is sure to someday find creative application. On the basis of this pictorial material, a plan may arise, the embodiment of which begins with a very important stage for the artist to work on a future picture or creative drawing - a preliminary sketch. Sketch is also one of the ways of fast drawing, gives the first general idea of the work, the basis of which it turns out.
With regard to the use of visual tools directly, which are the line, stroke, tone, the figures are also divided into linear and tonal.
Linear drawing is not just lines, as it may seem inexperienced person. For the artist, even the line becomes a testament to the continuous work of thought, expressed in drawing with a diverse movement of the pencil marks. And in a purely linear image a great master is able to convey the breath of life, movement, tireless development.
Of course, linear drawings have their own unique artistic merit, but still the expressive interpretation of the most truthful reflection of reality should be considered tonal drawings made with a pencil or some other drawing material. This truthfulness is achieved by transferring the material qualities and the spatial position of objects on the basis of tonal relations, which are quite possible to show with a simple pencil not in the maximum approximation to nature, but in connection with the gradations of light and shade proportional to it.
It is the gradations of light and shade, i.e. tonal relationships create an illusion of life truth in a drawing, just as in a work of painting materiality and spatiality look “real” thanks to the light-shade relationships faithfully conveyed by the artist.
There are two more types of drawing related to the technique of execution and called either original or printed. The artist performs the original drawing in one copy, i.e. This is a creative original, which became an independent work of fine art.
The printed image is otherwise called print, which means the print, and it finds its expression in the form of various types of engraving and lithography. Engraving - printed reproduction on paper imprinted from images cut out on a wooden plane and linoleum, now referred to as woodcut and linocut. The etching also includes etching, i.e. imprint of an image obtained by a graphic artist on a metal surface (copper, zinc, etc.). Lithography is an imprint on paper from an acid etched image drawn with a special pencil on a lithographic stone.
All types of drawing make up the artistic system developed by artists of different epochs and creative styles, which resulted in an independent kind of fine art, which is called graphics, which takes its place in human creativity.
Materials in drawing
The Renaissance introduces Italian pencil (“black chalk”) and sanguine (“red chalk”) into the arsenal of artistic materials. Since the XVI century. known graphite, from the end of the XVIII century. - A modern type of pencil in a wooden frame.
Liquid drawing materials applied by a feather (reed, bird's, metal) or a brush include mascara, bistre, sepia, ink.
The basis for drawing can serve different materials. So, in the ancient world used papyrus, in the Middle Ages - parchment. In the Renaissance for the first time began to draw on paper.
The picture belongs to an extremely important role in art. It forms the basis of all types of artistic images on a plane (painting, engraving, relief, etc.), determining the overall composition, the outlines of the form of objects, their location in space.
PENCIL. (Turk. Kara - black, tas or das - stone) - a tool and material for drawing. It looks like a rod of pressed coal, lead, graphite, dry paint, enclosed for convenience in a wooden or metal frame.
The prototypes of the modern pencil were used in the XII-XVI centuries. - These are lead and silver pins in a metal frame. When working gave a dark gray tone. Figure made with silver pencil; "does not stain" and is not erased, acquiring over time a brownish tone.
From the 15th century, ITALIAN CARRANDASHES, which were made from natural black shale (black chalk) or artificially, from lamp soot with admixture of white clay, came into use.
Nowadays, Italian pencils are made of burned bone, bonded as a binder with vegetable glue. Made according to old recipes, they have a grayish tint; modern ones give an intense black touch with a velvety texture.
Since the XVI century. graphite pencils have become common, their touch has a light shine and weak intensity.
At the turn of the XVIII and XIX centuries. A kind of graphite pencil appeared, consisting of a mixture of graphite powder and clay and encased in a wooden frame.
In addition to the above tone (black) pencils, there are also color, consisting of natural or artificial coloring (color) powders and kaolin. Different adhesives are used as binders. To achieve softness use fatting mixtures.
Special types of pencils include pastel and sanguine.
17th century French art
Graphics
In the first decades of the seventeenth century, French art experienced a transitional period. The past traditions of the Renaissance have not been replaced by the art of that generation of masters, which would have marked the onset of a new era. Renaissance ideals have lost their power, and the new ones have not yet established themselves. Reality itself, teeming with social contrasts and brutal war shocks, seemed unstable, changeable and fragile. A special spirit of this time found an unusually expressive embodiment in the work of the engraver and draftsman Jacques Callot (c. 1592 - 1635), the first prominent French master of the 17th century. There was an undoubted pattern in that the most interesting in this period was created precisely in graphic art, more mobile and flexible, more prone to the direct transfer of the visible, and not in painting, to generalization, completeness and stability of figurative impressions.
In the French art of the 17th century found the most complete reflection of the idea of man and his place in society, generated by the era of the addition of centralized monarchies in Europe. The classic country of absolutism, which ensured the growth of bourgeois relations, France is experiencing an economic boom, becoming a powerful European power. The struggle for national unity, against feudal self-will and anarchy contributes to the strengthening of high discipline of the mind, a sense of personal responsibility for their actions, interest in government issues. The philosopher Descartes develops a theory of will, proclaiming the domination of the human mind. He calls for self-knowledge and the conquest of nature; based on the mathematical method, it lays the foundations of science, considers the world as a reasonably organized mechanism. Rationalism becomes a characteristic feature of French culture. By the middle of the 17th century a nationwide literary language is taking shape - it establishes the principles of logical clarity, accuracy and a sense of proportion. In the works of Corneille and Racine, the French classic tragedy reaches its apogee. In his dramas, Moliere recreates the "human comedy." France is experiencing a flourishing national culture - it is not by chance that Voltaire named the 17th century "Great age".
French culture of the 17th century formed under the conditions of the approval of absolutism. However, in its diversity and inconsistency, it was born of a broad movement for national unification. In it were found lively responses of acute social conflicts that accompanied the birth of a new society. Peasant and urban uprisings, the parliamentary Fronde movement shook the foundations of the state. Utopias, dreams of an ideal society based on the laws of reason and justice, and free-thinking criticism of absolutism were born on this basis.
The development of French art of the 17th century Two stages passed, coinciding with the first and second half of the century.
Children's fine art is a multifaceted and multidimensional phenomenon in the life of a preschooler child. It not only lays the foundation for the further creative growth of the child, but also contributes to the expansion of his educational sphere; enriching the experience of acquiring the knowledge and skills necessary for various activities; the formation of personal qualities, aesthetic taste, etc. But in order to navigate in which areas it is more expedient to develop creativity, we will try to highlight its main types, affecting a certain direction of creative activity.
Pictorial and graphic art - the process of creating on the plane with the help of dyes artistic and expressive images.
Constructive creativity - a conscious process aimed at creating subjectively and objectively significant handicrafts from various materials, during which the child transforms the accumulated experience to create a new constructive image.
Types of constructive creativity:
Construction;
Application;
Artistic manual labor.
Plastic creativity - the process of creating by children new, subjectively and objectively significant plastic images in the course of transforming their personal and artistic-visual experience in working with plastic materials in order to display their mood, attitude to the world and themselves, their impressions obtained through observing nature, studying works of art , artistic word, etc.
Types of plastic art:
Volume and relief molding;
Plasticine;
Paper plastic;
Papier mache.
Decorative art - the process of creating various decorative images on the basis of the learned traditions of one or another type of decorative and applied art and transforming them in accordance with the plan, situation and tasks.
Kinds decorative art:
Decorative drawing;
Decorative application;
Decorative molding.
Methods of development of children's pictorial and graphic art in drawing
Types of drawing
Classification by content drawings.
Realistic drawing. The child tries to display an objective picture of the world through a plausible image of its objects and phenomena with their inherent qualities and characteristics. Realistic drawings are the most recognizable and understandable to others, because they contain an element of naturalism. Despite the fact that the child perceives his drawing as quite realistic and for him it is understandable and objective, children attain the greatest realism only by the senior preschool age. This is due to the fact that previously there is an accumulation of cognitive and visual experience, which allows you to more accurately convey the signs, properties and qualities of objects, objects. This provision does not exclude the likelihood of the appearance of realistic drawings in children under 5 years of age. They may well be in children and 2 - 3 years old, but this is possible only if they focus on the basics of the visual arts, from an early age (color incl. Fig. 21)
Realistic drawing
Fig. 21. Katya (4 years 1 month). Summer landscape
Stylized drawing. The child creates a generalized image that is laconic in terms of color, shape and composition, and contains an element of decorativeness. Stylized drawing is generally characteristic of preschool children. At different age periods, children at an accessible level try to create a collective image in which they reflect their knowledge, ideas, sensations and observations. In this regard, the drawings become more decorative than realistic, they distort the color, shape in order to give expressiveness to the image, to achieve integrity, (color incl. Fig. 22)
Stylized drawing
Fig. 22. Zhenya (5 years 7 months). Vase with Flowers
Abstract drawing allows, on the basis of non-objective art, to create various color, tonal compositions, reflecting primarily the inner state of the child, his attitude to everything that interests him, excites. Abstract drawing first appears in the preschooler's pictorial activity, when a child first takes a pictorial tool and receives the first scribbles, which, although non-objective in form, are meaningful. Abstract images are a child's worldview, enclosed in a certain color form, revealing its internal state. It is surprising that abstract drawing is both easy and difficult for a preschooler. Easy because early age He is most accessible in visual terms due to the lack of much experience. Older preschool children find it difficult to create an abstraction, since during this period it is difficult for preschool children to transform their cognitive and visual experience into a new form. As a rule, on a generalized topic, for example, “Good”, “Evil”, “Beautiful”, “Ugly”, children depict a specific, not a symbolic image, (color incl. Fig. 23)
Abstract drawing
Fig. 23. Vitya (3 years 9 months). Evil
Each of the considered types of drawing is significant for the general creative formation of preschoolers, as it allows one to study the phenomenon from different angles, avoiding visual stereotype, pattern and impersonality.
Classification by character drawings.
Object drawing. The image of individual items. It is necessary to display the properties and characteristics of a particular object, as well as its internal character, giving it expression.
Subject drawing. Coming up and implementation of the plot on a specific topic on the plane. It is important not only to place a row
objects and objects correlated with the general theme, but also to think over the general color, composition of the work. Scene drawing is most significant for older children, (color incl. Fig. 24)
Plot drawing
Fig. 24. Katyusha (6 years 3 months) Emelya
Decorative drawing. Creation on the plane of an ornament, pattern or decorative composition based on the motives of various types of applied art, (color incl. Fig. 25) It is important to note that the division into subject, subject and decorative drawing is very conditional, since each of these types of drawing may contain elements of another. So, for example, when depicting a vase, children can use an ornament to decorate its surface, and in the process of creating a decorative composition, come up with a plot.
Decorative drawing
Fig. 25. Anton (2 years). Nesting doll
Classification by form.
By submission. The image of objects, objects, phenomena of the surrounding life on the basis of memories, ideas, past impressions of them. Neither a visual row, nor a full-scale performance is provided for children.
According to the plan. Creating expressive images that can be both realistic and fantasy.
From nature. The main goal is to develop the ability of children to observe and transfer their vision of the object being exhibited on a sheet.