How is Staphylococcus aureus treated in children? Staphylococcus aureus in children: causes, symptoms, treatment and consequences

Staphylococcus aureus is a fairly common bacterium in children, but infection with some types of strains has a fairly powerful course. Medicine knows about 27 strains of staphylococcus bacteria, but only 4 of them have a real danger to a person of any age. Don't panic right away. You should consult a doctor and determine what type of staphylococcus a baby is infected with.

By staphylococcus it is customary to mean a microorganism from the Staphylococcaceae family (from the Greek "grain"). The bacterium is named staphylococcal because of the shape of the cell structure, which are born in the shape of a ball. They are compactly arranged with each other like a vine. The danger of microorganisms lies in the ability to produce and release pathogenic organic components (toxic elements and enzyme compounds) that disrupt the healthy life of the whole organism. It is easiest for children to get sick with a pathogenic infection. It is they who are more likely to attack aggressive factors from the outside.

Frequent cases of "neighborhood" of staphylococcus infection with salmonella or E. coli against the background of severe dysbiosis. bacterial infection in children is a decrease in the protective function of the immune system.

The form of infection can be different (temporary or permanent). Carriers of staphylococcus bacteria can appear to be sick and healthy people. The course of the disease passes in varying degrees of severity, which is due to the differing classification of the pathogen itself.

Due to the production of toxic enzymes, staphylococcus aureus can cause sepsis, meningitis, various abscesses, inflammatory processes of soft and hard purulent nature, pneumonia.

Infected newborn babies most often undergo extensive sepsis, which is explained by the maximum generalization and progression of the inflammatory process. Staphylococcal infection penetrates and develops not only in the lumen of the intestine, but also in hard tissues (bones, cartilage), on the skin, in the oral and nasal cavities, in the respiratory tract along the descending and ascending lines.

Staphylococcal strains show incredible resistance to the effects of the most advanced, therefore, there are risks of developing an inflammatory process in a child with the formation of internal and external foci of abscess. It is important to identify the disease in time, determine the type of pathogen and begin immediate adequate therapy.

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Types of staphylococcus and stages of development during infection

Staphylococcus aureus in children, including the earliest age, occurs quite often, therefore it occupies a leading position among all diseases of an infectious nature. Diseases of a bacterial nature can cover whole groups of organs and body systems:

• respiratory tract damage (lower, upper)
• dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract (complete, partial)
• inflammatory process of hard and soft tissues
• infection of the urinary system

Bacteria are detected during bacteriological examination of feces, an expanded biochemical blood test, with scrapings of the surface of damaged skin. Medical tactics has a multi-stage approach to the problem, and the duration of recovery is proportional to the neglect of the situation and the type of staphylococcal strain.

Saprophytic staphylococcus

This type of infection is rarely diagnosed in children and is considered the least dangerous disease. The main lesions are the urinary system, including the skin and mucous tissues. When prescribed timely and adequate, then getting rid of the disease can occur in a couple of days.

Epidermal type of staphylococcus

The infection can affect the surface of the skin and mucous membranes. Found in the eyes, in the nose, in the internal pharynx. Children are prone to the disease in the postnatal period, in a state of prematurity, with reduced immunity. The presence of staphylococcus epidermal type in medicine is considered and does not pose a serious danger to a healthy child. If the child's well-being does not suffer, then only local therapy is prescribed.

Staphylococcus aureus

It poses a serious danger to human life and health. It is especially difficult to tolerate in childhood. There is a misconception about the existence of Staphylococcus aureus only in the intestinal cavity. With more thorough laboratory studies, it is found in the mouth, on the skin, in feces analyzes. When, against the background of the course of staphylococcus, the child's well-being remains unchanged, then it is impractical to prescribe treatment, the body independently fights against harmful microorganisms.

Treatment of a bacterial infection is a long and difficult undertaking. This is due to the high resistance of pathogenic microorganisms:

• bacteria can withstand temperatures up to 800 degrees for about 15 minutes
• staphylococcus aureus cannot be treated with most of the strongest medications
• when dried, remains viable up to six months
  resistant to hydrogen solution and even sodium chloride

It should be noted that not all types of staphylococcus have a detrimental effect on the human body and cause pathogenic changes in it. If a child has a persistent and high immune response, then his state of health can remain unchanged even with the slightest excess of the bacteria content. When infected with Staphylococcus aureus in babies early age or neonatal period, you should immediately seek medical attention with subsequent hospitalization.

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Symptomatic complex and features of the manifestation of infection

Staphylococcus bacteria, depending on the type and location of infectious foci, has different clinical signs. They share common local and general external manifestations of infection, and each of them can be expressed in a certain intensity.

Local symptoms of staphylococcus development

1. Skin rashes in the form of abscesses (boils, abscesses). Often diagnosed in children in the nose and throat. A serious manifestation of the disease is indicated by the appearance of large spots, carbuncles and other skin formations.
2. Organic mucus interspersed with pus (sputum, snot). indicates damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract along the descending and ascending lines.

General signs of the development of staphylococcus in children

1. Problems associated with severe intoxication. Strong, high fever, including a slender one, about 37.3 degrees. The child may have hyperemia or excessive pallor of the skin. The result of severe intoxication in children almost always becomes profuse vomiting and a feeling of constant nausea.
2. Dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, expressed in thinning of the stool, an increase in abdominal volume, the accumulation of intestinal gases and other manifestations.
3. Allergic reaction to products of oxidative and excretory enzymes as a result of vital activity.

Signs of staphylococcus infection in children in the nose and mouth

These anatomical zones most often become the site of localization of the staphylococcal environment. This is due to the peculiarity of the penetration of bacteria, because children transfer all the pathogenic microflora to their mouths. Typical poor hygiene practices or poorly processed vegetables and fruits can cause infection. The vital activity of toxic flora in the nose provokes the occurrence (inflammation of the maxillary sinuses).

Infection, to a greater extent, manifests itself in a state of acute catarrhal sore throat, ulcerative stomatitis, tonsillitis for any type of course:

• severe sore throat
• swelling of the almond area, redness of the tonsils
• rashes in the mouth in the form of whitish ulcers (severe stomatitis)
• difficulty breathing (mucosal edema)
• discharge of organic fluid with blood or pus
• malaise and general signs of intoxication

Staphylococcal bacteria in the intestine

If the infection begins to multiply rapidly in the intestinal cavity or on its walls, then a powerful reaction from the gastrointestinal tract will inevitably follow in the form of an acute form of colitis, followed by development into enterocolitis. The main symptoms of intestinal damage:

• pain in the epigastric zone of unclear localization
• the nature of the pain is intense, wandering or bursting
• a strong feeling of heaviness, increased gas production, bloating
• feces contain bloody or purulent inclusions
• having a false urge to have bowel movements, loose stools, or constipation
• nausea, vomiting, general fatigue, possibly fever

Prevention - the best way protect yourself

To identify the pathogen and make the correct diagnosis, a number of laboratory tests are assigned to study biological material (blood, feces, urine, scraping from the surface of wounds). At the time of detection of staphylococcus, breast milk is examined (with natural feeding). If the tests are positive, then the mother continues to breastfeed with special therapeutic treatment. This approach allows the child to recover as well.

If the baby has conjunctivitis, then purulent material is taken from the mucous membrane of the eye. Do the same with skin rashes. If the infection affects the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth, then scrapings from the child's throat and nose are taken directly from the walls of the laboratory immediately. This improves the quality of research and the reliability of the data.

Staphylococcus aureus is only treated with antibiotics. After diagnosing diseases and identifying an ailment, the doctor selects a group that can have a positive effect on improving the child's condition. Further, a course of rehabilitation therapy is carried out and recovery occurs.

The duration of the disease depends on the form of staphylococcus. Staphylococcus aureus involvement can lead to severe sepsis and will require surgery. The main guarantee of successful treatment is an accurate diagnosis based on the clinical picture and an adequate selection of a drug course with antibiotics.

Preventive actions:

• after a successful birth, it is important to leave the hospital as soon as possible
• significantly limit contact of newborn babies with other people
• observance of the rules of basic hygiene of mother and child

Staphylococcaceae has many strains, but only a few can cause serious harm to a child's health. It is important for parents to monitor the child's lifestyle and prevent infection in all possible ways. In case of infection, one should not self-medicate, since the diagnosis of the disease is carried out only by a laboratory method.

Jun 9, 2016 Violetta the Doctor

Staphylococcal infection - a large group of purulent-inflammatory skin diseases, internal organs, mucous membranes, central nervous system caused by pathogenic strains of staphylococci.

According to the International classification, staphylococcal infection is of these types:

Staphylococcal food poisoning;

Septicemia due to Staphylococcus aureus;

Septicemia caused by other specified staphylococci;

Septicemia due to unspecified staphylococci;

Staphylococcal infection, unspecified.

The infection is spread among the population by patients and carriers of pathogenic strains of staphylococcus. The highest chance of infection is from patients with open purulent foci (such as opened boils, tonsillitis, purulent conjunctivitis, purulent wounds), pneumonia and intestinal disorders. In these cases, the infection spreads in the environment, where it poses a danger to adults and children.

At the peak of the disease, children release the maximum mass into the external environment. Weight decreases significantly after recovery, but in frequent cases, after the symptoms disappear, the child becomes a carrier, continuing to infect others. Healthy carriers are also a great threat, especially if they work in the medical field, in maternity wards, newborns, preterm wards, or food wards.

Staphylococcal infection is transmitted in the following ways: contact, food, airborne. Most newly born and infants who become ill are infected by contact. This can happen through the hands of the mother or nursing staff, through care items or underwear. Children under 12 months in frequent cases become infected by the alimentary route - the infection enters the body through milk if the mother has mastitis or cracked nipples. Feeding mixtures infected with staphylococcus are also dangerous.

Children of preschool and school age are often infected by eating contaminated foods such as sour cream, other dairy products, cakes, etc. When staphylococcus is ingested, it multiplies in a beneficial environment, excreting. Airborne droplets can be transmitted if a child is near a sick person or a carrier. Staphylococcus in such cases colonizes the nasal cavity and oropharynx.

At risk are newborns and babies. The reasons for their high susceptibility to staphylococcus are poorly expressed local antibacterial immunity of the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. As you know, in newborns, a secretory is not secreted, which plays an important role in the local defense of the body. Saliva of infants has a very weak bactericidal effect, mucous membranes and skin are vulnerable. This is also the reason for the high susceptibility of infants to staphylococcal infection.

Susceptibility is promoted by weakening by any diseases, exudative diathesis, malnutrition, artificial feeding of the baby, long-term use of antibiotics and corticosteroid hormones.

The real number of cases is not known, since localized forms, unlike severe ones, are usually not recorded (for example, infected wounds, pyoderma).

Staphylococcal diseases are sporadic, but there are group, family diseases, as well as epidemics in maternity hospitals, newborn departments, etc. Outbreaks may also occur due to the use of contaminated food by children in schools, summer camps and other similar organizations. Acute gastrointestinal diseases caused by staphylococci are characteristic of the warm season, but can occur during the colder months.

What provokes / Causes of Staphylococcal infection in children:

Staphylococci - gram-positive microorganisms in the shape of a ball. Genus Staphylococcus is divided into 3 types: epidermal, golden and saprophytic. Staphylococcus aureus is subdivided into 6 biovars. For humans, pathogenic type A, it excites most diseases of a staphylococcal nature, the rest of biovars affect birds and animals.

Due to the toxic and allergic processes described above, immunity is sharply reduced, the permeability of the membranes and walls of blood vessels increases, which contributes to the septic process. Symptomatically, this is manifested by metastasis of purulent foci and the formation of sepsis.

The course of foodborne diseases depends on how much of the pathogen and enterotoxin has entered the child's body. Staphylococcus aureus is found in large quantities in such biological material taken from a patient as vomit and feces, as well as in food debris, due to which infection occurred. But with food toxicoinfection, the pathological process depends for the most part on the enterotoxin received with food.

Pathomorphology.At the site of entry of staphylococcus into the body, a local focus of inflammation appears, which structure consists of staphylococci, serous-hemorrhagic exudate, necrotic altered tissues, which are surrounded by leukocyte infiltration. Further, microabscesses are formed, which can merge, forming foci.

If the infection gets on the damaged skin, the formation of boils, carbuncles begins. If the entrance gate is the mucous membrane of the child's oropharynx, sore throat, stomatitis, etc. begin. Primary changes can be observed in the lungs - serous-fibrinous exudate and leukocyte infiltration appear there. But in frequent cases, small, sometimes merging foci of abscessed pneumonia are formed, and rarely large foci that are located subpleurally.

Staphylococcal diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are characterized by ulcerative, catarrhal or necrotic lesions. There are morphological changes in the bowel tone, although the pathological process can also affect the large intestine. Epithelial tissues are necrotic, and sometimes necrosis affects deeper layers of the mucous membrane. Infiltration of the mucous and submucous membranes with severe disorders of blood circulation is noted. Ulcers are forming.

When (and if) the infection is generalized, sepsis occurs, then staphylococcus through the blood reaches various organs and systems, for example, bones, central nervous system, liver, etc. There appear metastatic foci of inflammation. Morphologically, abscesses in various organs are determined.

Symptoms of Staphylococcal Infection in Children:

With a staphylococcal infection, many symptoms can occur. It depends on where the infection enters the body and on the severity of the primary inflammatory focus. Staphylococcal infection in children can be generalized or localized in form.

Most cases are localized mild forms, such as nasopharyngin or rhinitis. There are minor inflammatory changes, no intoxication. In infants, these forms can manifest poor appetite and insufficient weight gain. Blood culture allows you to isolate staphylococcus.

But localized forms do not always pass easily, they can be accompanied by severe symptoms, severe intoxication and bacteremia, therefore, their differentiation with sepsis may be required.

The disease can be asymptomatic or erased. They are not diagnosed, but are dangerous to the child and others, as the infected child spreads the infection. In some cases, the disease is joined by another, for example, which leads to an exacerbation of staphylococcal infection and complications, in some cases very severe.

With staphylococcal infection, the incubation period lasts from 2-3 hours to 3-4 days. The shortest incubation period for the gastroenterological form of the disease.

Most often, staphylococcal infection in children is localized on the skin and in the subcutaneous cell. With cutaneous staphylococcal infection, an inflammatory focus rapidly develops with a tendency to suppuration and the reaction of regional lymph nodes according to the type of lymphadenitis and lymphangitis. In children, staphylococcal skin lesions, as a rule, have the form of folliculitis, boils, pyoderma, phlegmon, carbuncle, hydradenitis. Newborns may have exfoliative, neonatal pemphigus,. If the infection affects the mucous membranes, symptoms of purulent conjunctivitis, tonsillitis appear.

Staphylococcal angina in children as an independent disease is a rather rare phenomenon. This usually occurs against the background of ARVI, in some cases due to exacerbation of chronic tonsillitis or as a result of sepsis.

With staphylococcal angina in children, continuous overlays appear on the palatine tonsils, sometimes they also affect the arches and uvula. In some cases, angina is follicular. Overlays with staphylococcal angina in most cases are purulent-necrotic, whitish-yellowish, friable. Removing them is relatively easy, as well as rubbing between the slides.

It is extremely rare when, with a staphylococcal infection, the overlays are dense, it is difficult to remove them, the removal causes bleeding of the tonsils. For staphylococcal angina, a characteristic diffuse bright hyperemia is hyperemia of the mucous membranes of the pharynx without clear boundaries. The child may complain of severe pain when swallowing. The reaction of the regional lymph nodes is pronounced. Staphylococcal angina takes a long time. Symptoms of intoxication and increased body temperature persist for about 6-7 days. The throat is cleared on the 5-7th day or on the 8-10th. Without laboratory methods, it is impossible to understand that angina is staphylococcal.

Staphylococcal laryngitis and laryngotracheitisare inherent mainly in children 1-3 years old. They develop against the background of ARVI. The disease is characterized by an acute onset, laryngeal stenosis rapidly appears. Morphologically, in this case, a necrotic or ulcerative-necrotic process is noted in the larynx and trachea. Staphylococcal laryngotracheitis often resolves with obstructive bronchitis and, in frequent cases, pneumonia. In terms of symptoms, staphylococcal laryngotracheitis in children is almost the same as laryngotracheitis caused by other bacterial flora. The disease is very different only from diphtheria croup, which develops slowly, with a gradual change of phases, a parallel increase in symptoms (hoarseness, aphonia, dry, rough cough and a gradual increase in stenosis).

Staphylococcal pneumonia - a special form of lung damage with a characteristic tendency to abscess formation. Young children are more susceptible to diseases than others. It begins in most cases during or after ARVI. As an independent disease, not accompanied by other diseases, staphylococcal pneumonia is extremely rare.

The disease begins acutely or violently, body temperature is greatly elevated, severe symptoms of toxicosis are observed. In more rare cases, staphylococcal pneumonia in children can begin gradually, first followed by small catarrhal phenomena. But even in these rare cases, the patient's condition rapidly deteriorates sharply, the temperature "jumps" strongly, intoxication increases, and respiratory failure increases. There is a lethargy and pallor of the child, he is drowsy, does not want to eat, spits up, vomiting often occurs. Shortness of breath, shortening of percussion sound, a moderate amount of fine bubbling wet wheezing on one side and weakened breathing in the affected area are recorded.

With staphylococcal pneumonia, bullae form in the lungs. These are air cavities, the diameter of which is 1-10 cm. They can be identified by making an X-ray. Bull infection threatens with lung abscess. A breakthrough of a purulent focus leads to purulent pleurisy and pneumothorax. With staphylococcal pneumonia, deaths are frequent.

With a primary staphylococcal focus of any localization, scarlet fever syndrome... Most often this happens with staphylococcal infection of a wound or burn surface, lymphadenitis, phlegmon,.

The disease manifests itself as a scarlet fever-like rash. It occurs on a hyperemic (reddened) background, is formed from small dots, and is usually located on the lateral surfaces of the torso. When the rash disappears, profuse lamellar peeling is observed. The child has a high body temperature during this form of the disease. The rash appears 2-3 days after the onset of the disease and later.

Lesions of the gastrointestinal tract with staphylococcus can be located in various places (in the stomach, intestines, on the mucous membranes of the mouth, in the biliary system). The severity of these diseases also varies.

Staphylococcal stomatitis mainly young children are affected. There is a bright hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, the appearance of aphthae or ulcers on the mucous membrane of the cheeks, on the tongue, etc.

Staphylococcal gastrointestinal diseases - this, gastroenteritis, enteritis, enterocolitis, which occur when infection through food. In children under 12 months of age, enteritis and enterocolitis often occur as secondary diseases against the background of another staphylococcal disease. If the route of infection is contact, and enteritis or enterocolitis occurs, there is a small amount of the pathogen in the body. Staphylococci cause local changes when multiplying in the intestines, as well as general symptoms of intoxication when the toxin enters the bloodstream.

With gastritis or gastroenteritis of a staphylococcal nature, the incubation period lasts 2-5 hours, followed by an acute onset of the disease. The most striking symptom is repeated, often indomitable, severe weakness, severe pain in the epigastric region, dizziness. Most sick children have a fever. The skin is pale and covered with cold sweat, the heart sounds are muffled, the pulse is weak and fast. In most cases, the small intestine is affected, which leads to stool disruption. The bowel movement happens 4 to 6 times a day, the stool is liquid, watery, there are mucus impurities.

The most severe manifestation of staphylococcal infection is staphylococcal sepsis. It occurs more often in young children, mainly in newborns, in a special risk group - premature babies. The pathogen can enter the body through the umbilical wound, gastrointestinal tract, skin, tonsils, lungs, ears, etc. This causes the type of sepsis.

If staphylococcal sepsis is acute, the disease develops rapidly, the patient's condition is characterized as very severe. The body temperature is greatly increased, symptoms of intoxication are expressed. Petecheal or other rashes may occur on the skin. Secondary septic foci (abscesses, abscess pneumonia, purulent arthritis, skin phlegmon, etc.) appear in different organs. A blood test reveals neutrophilic leukocytosis with a shift of the formula to the left, ESR is increased.

There is (very rarely) a fulminant course of the disease, which ends in death. But in most cases, the course is sluggish, with a subfebrile temperature, mild symptoms of intoxication. Children sweating, there is a lability of the pulse, bloating occurs, the liver and can be enlarged, on the anterior abdominal wall and chest veins are noted, among the symptoms is often a disorder of the stool. Sepsis in young children can manifest itself in various symptoms, which complicates its diagnosis.

Staphylococcal infection in newborns and children 1 year of lifeassociated primarily with the mother's illness. The baby becomes infected at any stage of pregnancy, during and after childbirth.

Diagnostics of the Staphylococcal infection in children:

Staphylococcal infection is diagnosed on the basis of the detection of purulent foci of inflammation. They resort mainly to laboratory research methods, since with other diseases there may be similar symptoms.

A microbiological method is often used to detect pathogenic staphylococcus aureus in the lesion focus and especially in the blood. For serological diagnostics, RA with an auto-strain and a museum strain of staphylococcus is used. The increase in antibody titer in the dynamics of the disease, undoubtedly, indicates its staphylococcal nature. The titer of agglutinins in RA 1: 100 is considered diagnostic. Diagnostic titers are detected on the 10-20th day of illness.

Among laboratory methods, the reaction of neutralization of toxin with antitoxin is used. Today, instead of traditional methods, RLA is often used.

Treatment of Staphylococcal infection in children:

Treatment of patients with staphylococcal infection depends on each specific case. If older children have a mild infection, doctors prescribe symptomatic remedies. For the treatment of severe and moderate forms of the disease, complex therapy is needed: antibiotics and specific anti-staphylococcal drugs (such as anti-staphylococcal plasma, anti-staphylococcal immunoglobulin, staphylococcal bacteriophage,).

Surgical methods, non-specific detoxification therapy can be applied. Doctors often prescribe vitamins.

To cure or prevent dysbiosis, bacterial drugs are used, such as bificol and others. Stimulating therapy may also be needed to enhance the protective functions of the child's body.

Patients with severe forms of staphylococcal infection must be hospitalized without fail. Also, it is mandatory to hospitalize newborns, even if the form of the disease is mild.

Antibacterial drugs such as semisyntstic penicillinase-resistant penicillins, cephalosporins of the 3rd and 4th generation are used.

Acute sepsis, abscessing destructive pneumonia, meningoencephalitis are treated simultaneously with two antibiotics at the maximum dose corresponding to the patient's age.

Severe and generalized forms of staphylococcal infection, especially if the child is young, are treated with hyperimmune antistaphylococcal immunoglobulin.

Staphylococcal gastroenteritis and enterocolitis are treated according to the same principles as other acute intestinal infections. Hospitalization is necessary if there are appropriate clinical and epidemiological indications. Newborns and infants up to 12 months old are placed in a separate box.

If the baby becomes infected through breast milk, breastfeeding should be stopped. In such cases, the child should be fed with donor milk, lactic acid or adapted mixtures in accordance with the age and severity of the gastrointestinal tract lesion.

Food poisoning is treated by gastric lavage with 2% sodium bicarbonate solution on the first day from the onset of the disease. If toxicosis with dehydration is pronounced, first you need to carry out infusion therapy, and then oral rehydration (restoration of water balance in the body).

Prevention of Staphylococcal infection in children:

In children's institutions, to prevent staphylococcal infection, the sanitary and anti-epidemic regime should be observed. This means that they carry out disinfection of household items, proper cleaning of premises, etc. Patients must be identified and isolated in a timely manner so that they do not spread the infection.

It is also necessary to identify carriers of pathogenic multidrug-resistant strains of staphylococci among the caring staff in maternity hospitals and newborns' departments and remove them from work, monitor the observance of sanitary and hygienic rules for child care by staff, aseptic maintenance of individual nipples, care items and utensils, etc.

At least 2 times a year, maternity hospitals must be closed for disinfection and cosmetic repairs. In childcare facilities, the personnel of the kitchen departments should be inspected daily. Personnel with any form of staphylococcal infection are not allowed to work - be it staphylococcal diseases of the upper respiratory tract, pustular diseases of the hands or any other form.

Children with staphylococcal diseases are hospitalized in an individual box so as not to bring the infection to the hospital department. All items of care for a sick child must be strictly individual.

Babies become less susceptible to staphylococcal infection when (provided that the mother is healthy). To date, there are no measures for specific prevention of staphylococcal infection.

Which doctors should you contact if you have a Staphylococcal infection in children:

Infectionist

Gastroenterologist

Dermatologist

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Staphylococci are non-motile round bacteria that inhabit the skin and mucous membranes of the child's body. These microorganisms can produce pathogenic substances (enzymes as well as toxins) that can disrupt the vital functions of cells in the body. Along with staphylococci, there is also a streptococcus in the child's body.

In the intestines, pharynx, oral cavity, pharynx and analyzes (urine, feces) - streptococcus is considered part of the microflora, but with an increased concentration of bacteria, the child must be treated immediately.

Kinds

Staphylococcal infection in children of one month old and up to one year old is a common diagnosis among infectious diseases. Staphylococcus and streptococcus are found in feces, urine, blood, pharynx, on the skin of a child. The presence of staphylococcus in urine and smear is an indicator of body dysbiosis.

Staphylococcus is: golden, epidermal, saprophytic, hemolytic.

Golden

Staphylococcus aureus in children is considered the most dangerous and cunning of all known microorganisms. Staphylococcus aureus in infants appears immediately after birth or before the age of one year. The infection gets its name from the orange or yellow coloration of bacteria.

Most are mistaken in thinking that Staphylococcus aureus in children can only be found in the intestines.

In laboratory diagnostics, the bacteria are found in feces, mucous membranes (in the mouth) and on the surface of the skin. The baby's body can cope well with the normal concentration of bacteria. If a child has an intestinal disorder, fever, vomiting, diarrhea and Staphylococcus aureus is present in the feces, then this is the norm for the manifestation of staphylococcal infection.

Staphylococcus aureus in smear and urine is a common occurrence. Staphylococcus aureus of the fourth degree in the analysis of a newborn child is a generally accepted norm.

Epidermal

Staphylococcus epidermidis occurs in the nose, intestines, eyes, mouth, or on the internal pharynx. It is often found in babies who have undergone surgery, premature and weak children. The presence of epidermal staphylococcus in a newborn is the norm, provided that the child feels great. If staphylococcus aureus is located on the skin, then local treatment is often carried out.

Saprophytic

Saprophytic staphylococcus aureus can rarely be detected in a baby. Often is in the urine and harms the genitourinary system. It is considered not dangerous to humans. In the case of a well-chosen treatment, you can destroy the microbe in a couple of days.

Hemolytic

Hemolytic staphylococcus carries out an infection that does not respond to antibiotic treatment. After penetration into the body, hemolytic staphylococcus remains in the tonsils and nasopharynx. At first, the infection does not give itself out, but as soon as the child's health deteriorates, the bacterium begins to actively act.

The reasons

If you find signs of staphylococcus infection in a child under one year old, then the reasons are - low immunity and poor childcare. Until one year old, the child's organs are not fully developed, including this applies to the immune system. Due to the reduced immunity, a pathological condition appears in the child.

A small child pulls objects and hands, on which a huge number of microbes live, into his mouth. Therefore, staphylococcus aureus in newborns is normal.

Causes of infection in infants:

• Ingress of infection through the umbilical wound;
• Infection through cracks in the nipples of the mother during breastfeeding;
• Infection in hospitals;
• Infection through dirty hands, unwashed food.

Symptoms

The main symptoms of staphylococcus:

• A high temperature appears;
• Diarrhea;
• Vomiting;
• Lethargy;
• Loss of appetite.

In infants, all infections show these symptoms at an early stage. However, in some cases, staphylococcal infections do not show symptoms for a long time.

In the kidneys

If a streptococcus is found in a baby's urine, then the bacteria is located in the kidneys and bladder. Symptoms of a urinary infection:

• Sharp, sharp pain during urination;
• Frequent urination
• Found small blood clots in the urine.

In the nose

Staphylococcus aureus in the nose localized on the mucous membrane. Very often, parents do not notice that the child has all the symptoms of staphylococcal infection. The disease is detected only when they are tested for bacterial culture.

Often the infected feel symptoms of staphylococcus in the nose, as:

• High body temperature;
• Redness of the skin around the nose;
• General intoxication of the body.

The main manifestations of staphylococcus in the nose in children are rash and redness. Also, Staphylococcus aureus in the nose provokes the appearance of abscesses on the skin.

If there is no treatment, Staphylococcus aureus in the nose will begin to affect other systems and organs of the child. There is a malfunction of the intestines, tingling in the abdomen and flatulence. Staphylococcus aureus in the nose is especially dangerous for newborns. Signs of staphylococcus in the nose in young children are often accompanied by the formation of poorly healing pustules and intestinal colic.

In the mouth

Not every type of staphylococcus has a detrimental effect. Staphylococcus aureus in a child's mouth is not dangerous if the child has good immunity (even if the bacteria rate is slightly increased). Streptococcus gets into the mouth from the hands, along with food. Streptococcus can often be found in the pharynx.

Staphylococcal bacteria in the mouth are indicated by the following symptoms:

• Pain and discomfort in the throat;
• Redness and swelling of the tonsils;
• The appearance of a purulent plaque on the throat;
• Enlarged lymph nodes
• Increased body temperature;
• Migraine;
• Bowel disorder;
• Poor appetite.

If you find small purulent formations on the mucous epithelium of the oral cavity, this is a sign of staphylococcus.

Diagnostics

The basis of the diagnosis is a clinical description and serological methods, the main of which are:

• Coagulase test;
• General analysis of blood and urine;
• Biochemical analyzes;
• Ultrasound for liver and kidney damage;
• PCR method;
• Examination of breast milk (carried out when bacteria are found more than the permissible norm in the child's feces).

Treatment

Treatment of staphylococcal infection is carried out by doctors of various fields. Based on the specifics of the disease, a surgeon, therapist, ENT, ophthalmologist, pediatrician can treat. Staphylococcus and streptococcus can be treated with antibiotics and alternative methods.

Antibiotics

Antibiotic treatment contraindicated for mild types of disease. If you treat a child with antibiotics, then taking drugs will lead to a worsening of the condition, due to an imbalance in the microflora. When the course of the local process is severe or a generalized process occurs (staphylococcus enters the bloodstream), then antibiotic treatment is necessary.

Treatment with various medicines, including an antibiotic and a substance that eliminates the antibiotic resistance of staphylococcus, is fruitful. The dosage rate of drugs depends on the individual case.

Traditional methods

Treatment of staphylococcus by folk methods is very comparatively effective. The beneficial substances found in medicinal herbs have a detrimental effect on microorganisms, strengthen immunity, eliminate pain and remove toxins from the body.

• Verified folk remediesEchinacea decoction is considered to be able to treat the infection. burdock and aspen bark. Treatment with herbal infusions is prescribed for both adults and children.
• In difficult situations, healers are advised to treat with mumiyo. It is necessary to dissolve 0.5 g of the substance in a glass of water and use 50 ml before meals. In this way, it can be treated for 2 months.
• If Staphylococcus aureus is found in the mouth, then the child can be treated with decoctions, which must be taken internally or simply rinsed out the mouth.
• If a staphylococcal infection has caused purulent skin diseases, external preparations should be used: warm baths with the addition of vinegar, vinegar poultices.

Prevention

To prevent the disease, a number of actions are required:

• Observe the hygiene of the child;
• Always wash fruits and vegetables;
• Treat wounds and injuries with antiseptics;
• It is necessary to walk less with the child in crowded places;
• Remove food and pastries from food intake with or without damaged packaging.

Graft

Staphylococcal vaccination is an immunostimulating drug. The introduction of staphylococcal vaccination in accordance with the approved scheme contributes to the appearance in vaccinated special specific antimicrobial anti-staphylococcal immunity.

Complications

The consequences of staphylococcus and streptococcus are a variety of diseases, which need to be treated only with the use of strong antibiotics. An infection caused by streptococcus is more severe than a staphylococcus infection.

Staphylococcus aureus contributes to the appearance of diseases such as: rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, bowel disorder, pyoderma, scalded babies syndrome.

Despite the fact that today many children in the very different ages a staphylococcal infection is detected, this diagnosis is very frightening for parents. This is due to the low degree of awareness of the population about this disease and the spread of myths of various content about it. In fact, the danger of staphylococcus for children is determined by its type and the level of the baby's immunity. Everything is not at all as scary as it might seem at first glance.

Causes of infection

There can be several reasons for staphylococcus infection.

• 1. Weakened immunity

The cause of staphylococcal infection in children is most often a weakened immune system. If the child is strong, healthy, tempered, rarely gives in colds, it is unlikely that pathogenic microorganisms can break it. Moreover, tests sometimes show the presence of bacteria in the body, but there are no manifestations: a strong immune system itself will successfully fight them. But a weakened child can go to the hospital. However, even here, with timely treatment and the modern level of medicine, dangerous consequences can be avoided.

• 2. Violation of hygiene rules

The second common cause of staphylococcus in children is poor hygiene. Bacteria live where there is dirt, and it is always difficult to make a child wash his hands before eating and not drag anything into his mouth. Weakened immunity, coupled with a lack of sterility, allow the disease to take over.

• 3. Infection from the outside

Staphylococci can enter the child's body after contact with an infected person, and this can happen through broken, damaged skin and mucous membranes.

Carriers of pathogenic microorganisms can be food workers (then infection is possible through food) or medical staff, if the child, for example, lay in the hospital, where he was given injections and procedures. Insects are also carriers of the disease, so it is so important to treat the places of their bites with brilliant green or soda solution.

As soon as an infection occurs, it is advisable to timely recognize the enemy microorganisms. Is it possible without tests?

Symptoms and signs of staphylococcus in children

The most accurate picture of the disease can only be given by bacterial cultures: the number of detected staphylococci is counted and compared with a certain norm. Only after this is the appropriate treatment prescribed. But when does it become necessary to take these tests?

The fact is that different types of staphylococci affect different systems and organs, disguising themselves as quite common, even familiar to many diseases. Their signs will be the primary symptoms that make you seek help from the hospital. For any type of infection, the following manifestations are characteristic:

• lethargy;
• lack of appetite;
• diarrhea;
• vomiting;
• fever - not always.

• epidermal causes most often skin lesions: various kinds of dermatitis, blepharitis, boils, folliculitis, eczema, acne, conjunctivitis (in this case, staphylococcus aureus spreads to the skin, face and even in the eyes);
• hemolytic settles on the mucous membranes of the child, so the signs of such an infection will resemble the symptoms of a sore throat or a cold - cough, runny nose, perspiration and sore throat (analysis for bacterial culture is a scraping with a special instrument in the nose and mouth of the child);
• saprophytic in children is not found so often, but nevertheless it should not be overlooked: it affects the genitourinary system, so children often complain of pain in the lower abdomen, painful and frequent urination, as with cystitis (laboratory tests suggest the detection of infection in the urine) ;
• staphylococcus aureus is the most dangerous in this chain, since it is able to penetrate into any organ and trigger an inflammatory, purulent reaction there, which is difficult to treat, and represents a serious health hazard;
• very often in children there is a digestive disorder, which leads to enterocolitis, dysbiosis, etc. (tests should reveal the presence of staphylococci in the feces, which will indicate the penetration of infection into the intestines).

Parents in this case can only catch themselves in time, consult a doctor, without self-medication and not hoping that this is a common cold. Behind the usual runny nose, a staphylococcal infection can be hidden, which can only be detected with the help of laboratory tests, according to the results of which the doctor prescribes treatment.

Treatment of pediatric staphylococcal infection

The complexity of the disease is that staphylococci do not respond to most antibiotics. Modern medicine still uses such powerful drugs, but here again the trap: children's body antibiotic medications are undesirable. Therefore, with a small focus of infection, in the absence of serious diseases that are fraught with consequences, sometimes doctors are able to treat staphylococcus in children without antibiotics. What is he afraid of?

1. Firstly, it is necessary to ensure the sterility of everything that surrounds the little patient, excluding dirt, which can serve as a dangerous carrier and a beneficial environment for the reproduction of harmful microorganisms. It is necessary to explain to children the importance of following the rules of hygiene.
2. Secondly, the task of anti-staphylococcal treatment is to increase the patient's immunity so that he himself can cope with the infection. Therefore, various immunostimulating drugs are prescribed. For example, vaccination is carried out. Vaccination against staphylococcus is not included in the mandatory calendar of childhood vaccinations, but doctors, when there is a risk of infection, sometimes advise to do it in advance, when the microorganisms have not yet been activated.
3. Thirdly, those drugs are prescribed that are effective in combating diseases caused by staphylococcus.
4. Fourthly, doctors advise children to adhere to a certain diet for staphylococcus, as it is an infectious disease. As a result, the functions of organs change, energy, water-salt and protein metabolism is disrupted, the level of vitamins decreases. Therefore, the diet of a sick child should include easily digestible foods (rich in proteins, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, vitamins), provide him with frequent food intake, but in small portions and a sufficient amount of drink (tea with milk or lemon, table mineral water, fruit drinks, rosehip broth , juices, jelly, compotes, low-fat fermented milk drinks).

Depending on each individual situation, the treatment of staphylococcus may be different. As for folk remedies against these bacteria, a doctor must know about their use. Medicinal herbs can also cope with some types of microorganisms as a concomitant herbal medicine to the main course of treatment. But it will be very difficult for them to cope with Staphylococcus aureus.

What is dangerous staphylococcus

The main consequence of staphylococcus is a variety of diseases that can only be imagined, and more difficult to treat, unlike ordinary diseases, since these bacteria are not afraid of antibiotics. And if it is possible to cope with a runny nose, sore throat, dysbiosis and even dermatitis, then diseases such as bronchitis, pneumonia, pustular skin diseases and even sepsis can cause a lot of torment to a child, require long and careful treatment.

Advice to parents whose children have been found to have staphylococci in their bodies is not to panic, not invent non-existent dangers, consult a doctor in a timely manner and follow all his prescriptions. This is the only way to cope with the infection and avoid possible consequences.

Staphylococci are a common family of bacteria. They are present in most people and are part of the normal microflora of the skin and mucous membranes. However, under certain circumstances, an infection can provoke an inflammatory process in the human body, in particular, Staphylococcus aureus can lead to pneumonia and food poisoning... The bacterium is especially dangerous for newborns and children under one year old.

What is staphylococcal infection

Staphylococcus aureus is a spherical bacterium, which in hollow organs (intestines, ureter, nasal passages) can create multi-layered colonies, displace the normal microflora of the mucous membranes and cause serious diseases that threaten the patient's life.

A feature of the infection is its resistance to antibiotics.

One type of staphylococcus, namely golden, is considered a hospital bacterium. The use of antiseptics in medical institutions, as well as the unreasonable or incorrect (incomplete course) use of antibiotics has led to the bacterium developing resistance (immunity) to antibacterial agents. This fact complicates and complicates the fight against it.

With extensive colonization of bacteria, an infectious disease develops, the clinical manifestations of which will depend on the affected organ.

The danger of staphylococcus is the release of toxins from it, which poison the body, causing symptoms of intoxication. Also, bacteria have a depressing effect on the human immune system, which allows them to multiply quickly and without hindrance. From the intestine, staphylococcus can enter the bloodstream, spread throughout the body and populate internal organs (kidneys, brain, lungs). Then meningitis (inflammation of the meninges), pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs) or sepsis (blood poisoning) develops. Each of these conditions is life threatening for the patient.

Types of staphylococci in a child's body

The following types of bacteria are distinguished:

• saprophytic staphylococcus - lives in the lumen of internal organs, the genitourinary system;
• epidermal - skin staphylococcus;
• golden - staphylococcus of the nasopharynx and intestines. In fact, the so-called intestinal staphylococcus aureus is the same aureus.

Interestingly, Staphylococcus aureus got its name from the color of the colonies. Under a microscope, these bacteria appear as clusters of a golden, iridescent color.

The color of staphylococcus colonies is closer to golden, hence the name of the bacteria

Causes of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a conditionally pathogenic microflora. This means that in a healthy body, this bacterium can inhabit without causing disease. But there are factors in which conditionally pathogenic flora becomes pathogenic, disease develops. These include:

• a weakened child's immunity (congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies, HIV);
• malformations of internal organs;
• children from a group of frequent and long-term illnesses;
• chronic diseases (chronic tonsillitis, chronic sinusitis, chronic gastroduodenitis and others).

The source of infection can be a carrier of staphylococcus, which does not even make complaints, or a sick person (staphyloderma, staphylococcal furunculosis). The infection is transmitted through physical contact, through hygiene items, airborne droplets when coughing, sneezing, through dirty hands, etc.

Symptoms

The first symptoms of staphylococcal infection can appear almost immediately after discharge from the hospital (in case of infection of the child in the hospital). Newborns have:

• bloating and intestinal colic;
• frequent fetid stools (mixed with mucus, greenery);
• sometimes there may be an increase in body temperature;
• violation of the general condition of the child (prolonged crying, refusal to eat, lethargy or anxiety).

Signs of dehydration in a newborn and a child under one year old will be crying without tears, dry lips, tongue and oral mucosa, a sunken large fontanelle. Such phenomena require urgent hospitalization of the child in a hospital.

The increase in temperature with staphylococcal gastroenteritis can be over 38 degrees

Features of the disease in infants

In children under one year old, staphylococcal infection proceeds as a toxic infection or gastroenterocolitis (inflammation of the stomach and small intestine). The main symptoms will be:

• weakness, lethargy, refusal to eat;
• fever (increase in body temperature over 38.5 degrees);
• headache or dizziness;
• nausea and indomitable vomiting;
• frequent loose stools with admixtures of greens, mucus, blood, foam;
• abdominal pain, bloating.

It is important to know that frequent vomiting and diarrhea (loose stools) lead to dehydration of the child's body, which is dangerous for his life. A threatening condition will also be a sharp drowsiness of the baby, this may indicate an incipient stupor (a harbinger of a coma). For any of these conditions, you should immediately consult a pediatrician or infectious disease specialist.

How can the diagnosis be confirmed?

Diagnosis of staphylococcal infection includes:

1. Analysis of feces for dysbiosis. It shows which microorganisms and in what quantity inhabit the intestinal mucosa. Normally, there should be no Staphylococcus aureus in the intestines. When it appears, you need to start treatment. The analysis also helps to determine the tactics of treating the patient. If the number of bifidobacteria is reduced, then preparations containing them are prescribed. If there are few lactobacilli, then lactic acid preparations are prescribed.
2. In case of suspicion of other foci of staphylococcal lesions, an X-ray examination of the lungs, ultrasound of the abdominal organs, blood culture for sterility are prescribed.
3. To determine the general condition of the patient, but not to confirm the diagnosis of staphylococcal infection, the following tests may be prescribed:
   • clinical blood test. It can show an inflammatory process in the form of leukocytosis (an increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood) and a shift in the leukocyte formula to the left. Leukopenia (a decrease in the number of leukocytes) will indicate a reduced immunity in the child;
   • a general urine test reveals the penetration of infection not only into the intestines, but also into the genitourinary system. Protein, leukocytes, bacteria may appear in the urine;
   • biochemical blood test. With staphylococcal infection, there is often a decrease in the amount of protein in the blood (hypoproteinemia), which indicates a violation of liver function;
   • analysis of feces for a coprogram will show changes in the work of the intestines or pancreas. Mucus, blood streaks, bacteria may appear in the feces.

If there are no clinical signs of staphylococcus in the intestine and during examination the number of bacteria is not more than 1 x 104, drug treatment of the child is not required.

When the symptoms of gastroenteritis are significantly expressed, the amount of staphylococcus is increased in the analyzes, therapy should be started immediately.

To date, medicine has come to the conclusion that antibiotics may be ineffective against staphylococcal infections. This is due to the resistance of the strains to these drugs. In addition, antibacterial drugs will kill not only staphylococcus, but also beneficial microorganisms in the intestines.

For health reasons, aminoglycoside antibiotics are prescribed for children over 15 years old. For the little ones, treatment regimens for staphylococcal gastroenteritis without antibiotics have been developed:

1. Staphylococcal bacteriophage is a virus that devours staphylococcus. Allowed for infants, used internally or in the form of rectal suppositories. The course of treatment is 10-14 days.
2. Antimicrobial agents from the nitrofuran group (Nifuroxazide, Enterofuril). Can be taken simultaneously with bacteriophage. The course of treatment is at least 5 days. The drug is allowed for children from 2 months.
3. Prevention of dehydration (maintenance of water-salt balance). If the patient is at home, then the recovery of fluid lost with vomiting and diarrhea is carried out with the help of drinking at the rate of 100 ml / kg / day. If the child's condition worsens (lethargy, weakness, drowsiness, loss of consciousness, the appearance of edema), he needs to be urgently hospitalized for intravenous injections.
4. Adsorbents - remove toxins from the baby's body. Smecta, Enterosgel, Sorbeks baby, Polyphepan are widely used. The drugs are used only during the period of diarrhea.
5. Probiotics are preparations containing useful lacto- and bifidobacteria that populate the intestines instead of staphylococcus (Linex, Enterojerminu, Biogay, Yogurt).
6. Vitamin and mineral complexes are prescribed as general tonic. Today there is a drug that combines a probiotic and a vitamin complex (Bion 3). Allowed for children from 4 years old.

Disease therapy drugs (gallery)

A complex containing vitamins, minerals and probiotics It is used as an adsorbing agent to reduce intoxication. Staphylococcal bacteriophage is the most the right decision in the fight against staphylococcal infection Enterofuril - antimicrobial agent for the treatment of intestinal infections Enterosgel removes toxins from the baby's body Is it necessary to wean the baby?

Pediatricians today do not consider it mandatory to wean a child from breastfeeding... First, breast milk contains antibodies (immune cells) that can help your baby fight the infection. Secondly, the composition of milk is optimal for a child. Mom will need to pass milk for inoculation for sterility. If Staphylococcus aureus is seeded in it, then the woman is treated with a bacteriophage. If the therapy did not help, the complaints persist, then the child will still have to be weaned and transferred to adapted formulas.

Possible complications of staphylococcal infection

1. Infectious toxic shock is a condition that develops with severe intoxication of the body and manifests itself as a sharp decrease in blood pressure, loss of consciousness;
2. Sepsis is blood poisoning. Treatment should be carried out in an intensive care unit.

   Streptococcal meningitis - a complication with high mortality

3. Meningitis - inflammation of the meninges
4. Dehydration of the child's body.

Prevention

1. Strict adherence to personal hygiene. This includes handling baby dishes (bottles, nipples, pacifiers), washing the mammary glands before feeding, washing the mother's hands before preparing food for the baby and for herself.
2. Exclude contacts of the newborn with a large number of people.
3. Remediation of chronic foci of infection. This applies to parents and people in close contact with the child. Caries, chronic tonsillitis or chronic sinusitis can be a source of staphylococcus aureus for a baby.
4. Strengthening the immune system. Strong, healthy immunity is able to suppress an infection, even if it has entered the body.

Doctor Komarovsky about Staphylococcus aureus (video)

Staphylococcus aureus justifies its status as conditionally pathogenic microflora. In some cases, this bacterium may not affect the health of the child in any way. In others, it can lead to serious complications and even death. As with any disease, staphylococcal infection is easier to prevent than to cure. Therefore, compliance with preventive measures and strengthening the child's immunity will help prevent the development of the disease.

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Practicing pediatrician, working in pediatrics since 2010. I consider medicine my vocation, so I try in every possible way to help people, including by writing articles on health topics.
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Staphylococcal infection leads the TOP of childhood infectious diseases. It is especially often diagnosed in infants and newborns.

Staphylococci are a whole group of bacteria belonging to the Staphylococcaceae family. They are facultative anaerobes, i.e. organisms that develop in an environment where there is no oxygen. However, oxygen itself is not harmful to the life of bacteria.

The cells of these microorganisms are spherical; when the bacteria divide, they form colonies that resemble bunches of grapes. Microbes in the process of their vital activity produce endo- and exotoxins, as well as enzymes that negatively affect the cells of human organs and systems. It is the action of these toxins that determines the symptoms observed in a sick child.

Table of contents: General information about staphylococcus Classification of staphylococcal infection Types of staphylococci detected in children Symptoms of staphylococcus in children Diagnosis Treatment of staphylococcal infection in children Prevention

General information about staphylococcus

The source of the spread of the infectious agent are patients and carriers of pathogenic strains. Patients with pneumonia and open foci of purulent inflammation pose a particular danger to others. The pathogen is transmitted by airborne droplets, contact-household and alimetric routes. Preschool children are most often infected by eating contaminated food and through contact with sick peers.

The group of diseases united by the term "staphylococcal infection" includes pustular inflammation of the skin, digestive disorders in the intestine, pathology of the ENT organs, inflammation of bone tissue, etc. An infectious agent can be detected in blood tests, feces, and scrapings from the surface of the skin.

Not all types of staphylococci pose a serious threat to adults and children. Moreover, often pathogenic cocci of this family cannot cause serious harm to a child. For example, the presence of bacteria on the mucous membranes of the throat does not lead to serious consequences if the baby has a sufficiently high level of immunity.

The greatest danger is Staphylococcus aureus, especially in the active phase of the disease in infants. The relatively high morbidity among newborns is due to the fact that at the beginning of life, the child does not synthesize IgA immunoglobulin, which largely determines the level of local immunity.

Note: Staphylococcus aureus got its name from the ability of bacteria to synthesize a pigment that stains colonies that settle on solid nutrient media in a characteristic golden or orange color.

Classification of staphylococcal infection

According to the accepted international classification, the following types of the disease are distinguished:

• staphylococcal food poisoning;
• septicemia with an unspecified pathogen;
• septicemia caused by Staphylococcus aureus;
• septicemia due to other specified staphylococci.

Note: staphylococcal infections, as a rule, are sporadic (irregular), however, there are epidemics in maternity hospitals and hospital departments.

Types of staphylococci detected in children

There are several types of staphylococci:

• saprophytic;
• epidermal;
• hemolytic;
• golden.

Saprophytic is relatively rare in children. It affects the skin and mucous membranes of the genitourinary system, causing acute inflammation of the urethra and bladder. This infectious agent is considered the least dangerous for the child; with adequate therapy, it can be eliminated in just a few days.

Epidermal can multiply on any part of the skin and mucous membranes of the ENT organs and eyes. It provokes conjunctivitis, purulent urinary tract infections and postoperative complications. In severe cases, endocarditis and even sepsis are not excluded. At risk are weak and premature babies, as well as children who have undergone various operations. It is not dangerous for a child with high immunity intensity; the very fact of the presence of epidermal staphylococcus on the mucous membranes of children is regarded as normal if the baby is feeling good. Skin lesions are an indication for local therapy.

Hemolytic staphylococcus aureus can cause purulent inflammatory processes in many organs. It affects the skin, organs of the urinary system and the endocardium. Against the background of this infection, with reduced immunity and in the absence of treatment, the development of a septic state is possible.

Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic for humans, since it can cause severe purulent inflammation in almost any tissues and organs. It is characterized by high virulence (pathogenicity) and resistance to drying, boiling, solar ultraviolet light and antiseptics such as hydrogen peroxide and ethanol.

A specific feature of this pathogen is the ability to synthesize the enzyme coagulase. The infectious agent quickly adapts to antibiotics, acquiring resistance (immunity). Particularly dangerous are methicillin-resistant strains resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics (drugs of the cephalosporin and penicillin series). The detection of this infectious agent in the analysis of feces or washings from mucous membranes is the basis for starting complex therapy only when the child's well-being worsens.

Staphylococcus symptoms in children

The clinical manifestations of staphylococcal infection are very diverse.

They depend on the following factors:

• type of pathogen;
• the age of the child;
• immune status;
• previous sensitization;
• habitat of microorganisms;
• the presence of concomitant diseases;
• the general condition of the baby.

Important: the most pronounced reaction from the immune system is observed when infected with Staphylococcus aureus.

The doctor's task is to make the correct diagnosis in a timely manner and prescribe adequate therapy. At the same time, parents need to inform the specialist in detail about changes in the child's condition. Self-medication is unacceptable, since it can cause the development of serious and even life-threatening complications for the baby.

It is customary to consider 2 forms of staphylococcal infection in children - early and late. In the first case, clinical symptoms develops already several hours after the infectious agent enters the child's body. In the second, signs of the disease appear only after 2-5 days.

The main symptoms of staphylococcus in children:

pyoderma (pustules on the skin); boils; skin rashes and the appearance of areas of pigmentation; stomatitis (inflammation of the oral mucosa); inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eyes; temperature rise (up to 38 ° C and above); capriciousness; general weakness; decreased appetite; restless sleep; nausea; vomiting; pain in the abdomen; diarrhea.

Important: if the treatment of staphylococcus is not started in a timely manner, children may develop generalized septic lesions.

Diagnostics

It is impossible to establish the nature of the infection (type of pathogen) at home, therefore, when the first symptoms of staphylococcal infection appear in a child, it is strongly recommended to immediately seek medical help.

To identify an infectious agent, the doctor first of all prescribes a series of tests. A laboratory study of blood, feces, purulent discharge and washings from the skin and mucous membranes is carried out. It is advisable to take material in the acute phase of the disease, since microorganisms are most active during this period and are easier to detect.

Important: the presence of staphylococci in the blood does not yet indicate sepsis. If the reproduction of bacteria is not observed, then we are talking about the so-called. "Transient bacteremia".

The next stage is to establish the sensitivity of the detected staphylococcus strain to antibacterial drugs. This is necessary to prescribe adequate antibiotic therapy.

Important: in the course of a standard blood test, Staphylococcus aureus is not always immediately detected. The most informative laboratory diagnostic method is bacteriological culture.

Serological blood test

The material for the study is the blood serum of a sick child. The diagnosis is considered confirmed if specific antibodies to the infectious agent are found in it.

PCR

Polymerase chain reaction is an additional analysis that allows you to identify single molecules of staphylococcal DNA.

Analysis of the expressed breast milk of the mother

This study is necessary if staphylococci are found in the baby's feces, in an amount that exceeds the permissible norms. The analysis allows you to identify a possible source of infection (microorganisms are easily transmitted to the baby from the mother).

A positive result is a good reason for an immediate interruption of breastfeeding with the transfer of the baby to artificial milk formulas.

Note: the insignificant presence of bacteria in the baby's body still does not allow us to talk about staphylococcal infection, especially if the child's well-being does not suffer. Treatment in such situations is not required.

Treatment of staphylococcal infection in children

Treatment of staphylococcus in children is prescribed after assessing the overall clinical picture and the totality of symptoms and laboratory data.

Local treatment of staphylococcus in children

Local treatment involves the treatment of wounds (including postoperative ones) and skin rashes with antiseptic preparations for external use. One of the most effective antiseptics is a pharmacy solution of brilliant green, that is, the usual "brilliant green". Even the most dangerous of the staphylococci, golden, is very sensitive to it. For external treatment of the skin, hydrogen peroxide, 70% ethanol and Vishnevsky liniment are also used (this ointment is especially effective for pyoderma).

As an additional method of treatment, washing and rinsing the throat and mouth with weak antiseptic solutions is indicated.

General treatment

Antibiotic therapy plays a leading role in the treatment of infection. The drugs can be administered by injection (intramuscularly, and in the hospital, if indicated, intravenously) or administered per os. A child with staphylococcal infection is shown the intake of vitamin and mineral complexes, means to improve the general metabolism, as well as immunoglobulins to strengthen the immune system.

With generalized infection (sepsis) in hospitals, staphylococcus is treated in children using blood transfusions - blood and plasma transfusions.

In severe cases, surgical intervention may be indicated, the purpose of which is to sanitize the focus of purulent inflammation.

Prevention

It is known that any infection, including staphylococcal, is much easier to prevent than to cure. For healthy children with high immunity, staphylococcus is not dangerous - defense mechanisms are able to cope with it on their own. Thus, the main task of prevention is to prevent the impact of negative factors on the child's body.

Factors that negatively affect immunity include:

• low level of personal hygiene;
• hypodynamia (insufficient activity);
• improper nutrition;
• lack of vitamins in the diet;
• stress;
• unfavorable ecological situation.

From an early age, a child should be taught to wash his hands regularly with soap and water (children younger age must be assisted by parents), he must not be allowed to pull toys or other objects that may have bacteria in his mouth.

Important: in order to strengthen the immune system and reduce the likelihood of developing staphylococcus in children, babies should be taken out for walks more often in fresh air, and it is better to give preference to outdoor games. It is undesirable to include smoked meats, sausages and, moreover, fast food in the diet. It is advisable to limit the consumption of flour and sweets. It is advisable to take your child on country walks more often so that he has the opportunity to breathe in the unpolluted air.

For children of preschool and primary school age, hardening (regular rubdowns and dousing), as well as physical education and sports, are shown to strengthen the body's defenses.

Chumachenko Olga, pediatrician

Bacterial infections are quite common in children, because microscopic unicellular organisms live and reproduce in close proximity to people. The human body is filled with billions of different bacteria. Some are beneficial, others are colossal harm to health.

Many parents are horrified to learn that staphylococcus was detected in the child's tests. Numerous health problems in babies have been linked to this type of bacteria. Is the neighborhood with staphylococci dangerous for the health of babies?

What is staphylococcus aureus?

Staphylococcus is an immobile spherical bacterium that is part of the normal microflora of the intestines, mucous membranes, skin in adults and children. Pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria are isolated from the total number of microorganisms of the genus Staphylococcus.

Varieties of staphylococcus

In his life, a person most often encounters such types of Staphylococcus as:

• Staphylococcus aureus (golden) - the most aggressive of all microorganisms studied to date, causes resistant forms of diseases of the skin, intestines, circulatory system, brain and spinal cord;
• Staphylococcus epidermidis (epidermal) - causes suppuration of wounds, conjunctivitis, heart disease, genitourinary system;
• Staphylococcus haemolyticus (hemolytic) - causes purulent abscesses, affects the skin, can provoke sepsis;
• Staphylococcus saprophyticus (saprophytic) - provokes diseases of the genitourinary system.

Staphylococcus dwells on the skin, in the intestines, on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity in 80% of people in a latent state, can be dangerous only under favorable conditions for reproduction, entailing an acute manifestation of staphylococcal infection.

Factors for the development of staphylococcal infections on the skin

According to medical statistics, staphylococcal infection on the skin in children manifests itself much more often compared to other negative consequences of the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms.

Rapid damage to areas of the skin and mucous membranes is facilitated by:

• weak immunity of the child;
• viral infections (herpes, ARVI, HIV, influenza, mumps, measles);
• non-compliance with the rules for caring for small children (lack of sanitary living conditions).

Ways of infection with staphylococcal infection

Staphylococcus aureus is transmitted from person to person, but causes diseases of a specific etiology only if the child:

• suffers from diseases that undermine the body's immune defenses;
• has an innate predisposition to weak immunity;
• is bottle-fed;
• the child is not accustomed to following the rules of personal hygiene.

Staphylococcus cannot be brought from the street, bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus constantly surround people, since they live in almost every person's body. The manifestation of the negative properties of these bacteria is associated with the satisfactory health of both adults and children and the unhealthy lifestyle that they prefer.

Risk group for staphylococcal infection

Staphylococcal skin infection is more of a health problem:

• newborn babies - contact with the baby's skin of staphylococci in the environment of the maternity ward can cause prolonged treatment;
• children of different age groups with weakened immunity, who are inpatient treatment in hospitals.

Hospital walls are filled with bacterial microflora resistant to medicinal antibacterial drugs, so treatment of "hospital" staphylococci causes difficulties, while "home" ones are more loyal to the suppression of drugs.

How does staphylococcus aureus manifest on the skin?

Staphylococcus cutaneous means all strains of bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus that can infect the skin of a child's body. Children of any age group are prone to manifestations of staphylococcal infection on the skin. The problem of frequent cutaneous staphylococcal resistant diseases lies in the imperfection of the processes of formation of the immune reserves of the child's body at different stages of its development.

The spread of staphylococcal infection on the integument of the skin can manifest itself in several forms of an inflammatory nature (see photo below):

The defeat of the sweat glands, accompanied by deep abscesses, is most often observed in children infancy... The causative agent of this form of the disease is often Staphylococcus aureus. On the child's skin, numerous papules the size of a millet grain, filled with purulent milk-colored contents, form. Around each papule, the border of skin hyperemia is clearly visible. Papules are localized on the head, back, neck, chest.

Finger's pseudofurunculosis

A complication of vesiculopustulosis is multiple abscesses on the child's body in the buttocks, head and back. In the place of the excretory ducts of the sweat glands, abscesses with a diameter of 1-2 cm are formed, filled with thick purulent contents.

Epidemic pemphigus

It is characterized by the formation of a rash on the skin of babies, turning into bubbles filled with liquid. As the disease progresses, the filling of the vesicles is supplemented with purulent contents. Extraction of pus occurs through the spontaneous bursting of bubbles, which is one of the factors in the rapid spread of infection among a certain group of people. The affected skin areas heal without the formation of scars on the skin.

It is a type of pemphigus. Large-diameter bubbles form on the child's body under the influence of staphylococcus reproduction, after bursting, serous fluid flows out of them, and large areas of damaged bare epidermis form in place of the blisters.

Phlegmon

The formation of one or more large-diameter purulent foci on the lower back or in the sacrum. The accumulation of pus is due to the defeat of the subcutaneous fat layer by staphylococcus.

Mastitis

Staphylococcus tends to affect the mammary glands. A swelling forms in the circumference of the nipple, which subsequently develops into a mastitis-like tumor with the subsequent formation of purulent phlegmon.

Pyoderma

In this form of the disease, Staphylococcus aureus manifests itself. Small pink spots appear on the child's face, after which a blistering rash similar to herpes develops in their place. After the bubbles burst, crusts form on the skin. Scabs are localized on the face in the area of \u200b\u200bthe nasolabial triangle.

Barley

Swelling of the upper or lower eyelid. It is formed under the influence of Staphylococcus aureus. The cause is inflammation of the sebaceous glands of the eyelid or the roots of the eyelashes.

Furunculosis

The formation of boils (chiryakov) on the child's skin. Ulcers are formed when the hair follicles become inflamed. The sizes of boils may vary. Thus, staphylococcus can manifest itself on the arms, buttocks, back, in the perineum area.

Conjunctivitis

The defeat of the conjunctiva of the eye, accompanied by purulent discharge. The most common cause is Staphylococcus aureus.

Folliculitis

Staphylococcus aureus on the head causes inflammation of the hair follicles with the subsequent formation of numerous abscesses.

Symptoms of staphylococcal infection

The proximity of children with bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus does not manifest itself in any way. If the child's immunity does not react in any way to bacteria, there is no reason to worry.

The attention of parents should be aimed specifically at the child if skin lesions (boils, vesicles, small rashes, scabs) are accompanied by symptoms of the development of staphylococcal infection, namely:

• an increase in body temperature;
• fever;
• the formation of purulent infiltrates;
• lethargy;
• lack of appetite;
• stool disorder.

Since staphylococci are able to release toxins and enzymes that poison the body, even with minor bacterial lesions of the skin, nausea and vomiting may occur.

The manifestation of the above signs of the disease in aggregate signals the phase of exacerbation, into which staphylococcus has passed in children. Symptoms of an acute course of infection require additional research of the child's body in order to determine the pathogen and the reason that contributes to its reproduction.

Diagnostic measures for staphylococcal infection

In order to make the correct diagnosis, specialists study not only skin rash, staphylococcus aureus is detected in urine, feces, and blood tests.

Often, in order to determine the pathogen, doctors resort to such methods of researching biological material as:

• bacterial culture;
• bacterioscopy;
• enzyme immunoassay;
• polymerase chain reaction;
• latex agglutination reaction.

Staphylococcus drug therapy

Treatment of a staphylococcal infection on a child's skin involves:

• a detrimental drug effect on pathogenic microorganisms;
• therapy and prevention of concomitant diseases that can provoke the multiplication of staphylococcus;
• strengthening of immunity.

How can you cure Staphylococcus aureus on a child's skin? Drug therapy involves the appointment of antibacterial drugs for local and systemic use. Using the results of an analysis of the sensitivity of identified staphylococci to antibiotics, doctors can select effective treatments for a patient and give positive predictions of recovery.

Name drug	Acting substance	Pharmacological group	The form release
	cephalexin	antibacterial agent for systemic use	suspension for children
"Lexin"
"Ospeksin"
Cefuroxime	cefuroxime sodium		tablets, powder for solution for injection
"Zennat"
"Auroxetil"
"Baktil"
"Flemoxin Solutab"	amoxicillin		powder for oral suspension
"Amoxiclav"
"A-Clav-Faromex"
Ospamox
"Dalatsin C"	clindamycin
Pulxipron
"Clindomycin-Mip"
"Bactroban"	mupirocin	topical antibiotic	staphylococcus ointment on the skin
"Bonderm"
"Altargo"	retapamulin
"Gentamicin"	gentamicin
"Immunoglobulin"	immunoglobulin	drugs that stimulate immunity	solution for local and systemic use
"Staphylococcal bacteriophage"	bacteriophage
"Staphylococcal toxoid"	toxoid		injection
"Chlorophyllipt alcohol"	eucalyptus leaf extract		topical solution

To treat staphylococcus aureus on the skin of a child should be under the supervision of a doctor. If the drugs used do not give positive results, the doctor makes adjustments to the appointment to the patient.

If you run staphylococcus on the skin, the treatment of the disease can be protracted. The duration of therapy depends on the extent of the affected skin areas and is on average 1-3 months.

Prevention of staphylococcal skin lesions

Staphylococcal infection is dangerous for children with weak immune reserves of the body, therefore, for preventive purposes, parents must first of all provide the child with living conditions that help strengthen immunity, namely:

• healthy eating;
• compliance with the daily routine;
• walks in the open air;
• hardening;
• decrease in psychological stress;
• compliance with the rules of personal hygiene.

Despite the fact that today staphylococcal infection is found in many children at very different ages, this diagnosis is very frightening for parents. This is due to the low degree of awareness of the population about this disease and the spread of myths of various content about it. In fact, the danger of staphylococcus for children is determined by its type and the level of the baby's immunity. Everything is not at all as scary as it might seem at first glance.

There can be several reasons for staphylococcus infection.

• 1. Weakened immunity

The cause of staphylococcal infection in children is most often a weakened immune system. If a child is strong, healthy, hardened, rarely gives in to colds, it is unlikely that pathogenic microorganisms can break him. Moreover, tests sometimes show the presence of bacteria in the body, but there are no manifestations: a strong immune system itself will successfully fight them. But a weakened child can go to the hospital. However, even here, with timely treatment and the modern level of medicine, dangerous consequences can be avoided.

• 2. Violation of hygiene rules

The second common cause of staphylococcus in children is poor hygiene. Bacteria live where there is dirt, and it is always difficult to make a child wash his hands before eating and not drag anything into his mouth. Weakened immunity, coupled with a lack of sterility, allow the disease to take over.

• 3. Infection from the outside

Staphylococci can enter the child's body after contact with an infected person, and this can happen through broken, damaged skin and mucous membranes.

Carriers of pathogenic microorganisms can be food workers (then infection is possible through food) or medical staff, if the child, for example, lay in the hospital, where he was given injections and procedures. Insects are also carriers of the disease, so it is so important to treat the places of their bites with brilliant green or soda solution.

As soon as an infection occurs, it is advisable to timely recognize the enemy microorganisms. Is it possible without tests?

The most accurate picture of the disease can only be given by bacterial cultures: the number of detected staphylococci is counted and compared with a certain norm. Only after this is the appropriate treatment prescribed. But when does it become necessary to take these tests?

The fact is that different types of staphylococci affect different systems and organs, disguising themselves as quite common, even familiar to many diseases. Their signs will be the primary symptoms that make you seek help from the hospital. For any type of infection, the following manifestations are characteristic:

• lethargy;
• lack of appetite;
• diarrhea;
• vomiting;
• fever - not always.

• epidermal most often causes skin lesions: various kinds of dermatitis, blepharitis, boils, folliculitis, eczema, acne (in this case, staphylococcus aureus spreads to the skin, face and even eyes);
• hemolytic settles on the mucous membranes of the child, therefore, the signs of such an infection will resemble or colds - cough, runny nose, sore throat and sore throat (analysis for bacterial culture is a scraping with a special instrument in the nose and mouth of the child);
• saprophytic in children it is not found so often, but still, it should not be overlooked: it affects the genitourinary system, so children often complain of pain in the lower abdomen, painful and frequent urination, as in (laboratory tests suggest the detection of infection in the urine);
• staphylococcus aureus the most dangerous in this chain, since it is able to penetrate into any organ and trigger an inflammatory, purulent reaction there, which is difficult to treat, and poses a serious health hazard;
• very often in children there is a digestive disorder, which leads to enterocolitis, dysbiosis, etc. (tests should reveal the presence of staphylococci in the feces, which will indicate the penetration of infection into the intestines).

Parents in this case can only catch themselves in time, consult a doctor, without self-medication and not hoping that this is a common cold. Behind the usual runny nose, a staphylococcal infection can be hidden, which can only be detected with the help of laboratory tests, according to the results of which the doctor prescribes treatment.

Treatment of pediatric staphylococcal infection

The complexity of the disease is that staphylococci do not respond to most antibiotics. Modern medicine still uses such powerful drugs, but here again the trap: antibiotic drugs are undesirable for the child's body. Therefore, with a small focus of infection, in the absence of serious diseases that are fraught with consequences, sometimes doctors are able to treat staphylococcus in children without antibiotics. What is he afraid of?

1. Firstly, it is necessary to ensure the sterility of everything that surrounds the little patient, excluding dirt, which can serve as a dangerous carrier and a beneficial environment for the reproduction of harmful microorganisms. It is necessary to explain to children the importance of following the rules of hygiene.
2. Secondly, the task of anti-staphylococcal treatment is to increase the patient's immunity so that he himself can cope with the infection. Therefore, various immunostimulating drugs are prescribed. For example, vaccination is carried out. Vaccination against staphylococcus is not included in the mandatory calendar of childhood vaccinations, but doctors, when there is a risk of infection, sometimes advise to do it in advance, when the microorganisms have not yet been activated.
3. Thirdly, those drugs are prescribed that are effective in combating diseases caused by staphylococcus.
4. Fourthly, doctors advise children to adhere to a certain diet for staphylococcus, as it is an infectious disease. As a result, the functions of organs change, energy, water-salt and protein metabolism is disrupted, the level of vitamins decreases. Therefore, the diet of a sick child should include easily digestible foods (rich in proteins, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, vitamins), provide him with frequent food intake, but in small portions and a sufficient amount of drink (tea with milk or lemon, table mineral water, fruit drinks, rosehip broth , juices, jelly, compotes, low-fat fermented milk drinks).

Depending on each individual situation, the treatment of staphylococcus may be different. As for folk remedies against these bacteria, a doctor must know about their use. Medicinal herbs can also cope with some types of microorganisms as a concomitant herbal medicine to the main course of treatment. But it will be very difficult for them to cope with Staphylococcus aureus.

What is dangerous staphylococcus

The main consequence of staphylococcus is a variety of diseases that can only be imagined, and more difficult to treat, unlike ordinary diseases, since these bacteria are not afraid of antibiotics. And if it is possible to cope with a runny nose, sore throat, dysbiosis and even dermatitis, then diseases such as bronchitis, pneumonia, pustular skin diseases and even sepsis can cause a lot of torment to a child, require long and careful treatment.

Advice to parents whose children have been found to have staphylococci in their bodies is not to panic, not invent non-existent dangers, consult a doctor in a timely manner and follow all his prescriptions. This is the only way to cope with the infection and avoid possible consequences.